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FREE UPSC - GS 1 - MOCK

TEST CODE -MK1100/01

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Q1. Consider the following statements about the economic policies of the Tughlaq dynasty:

1. The Tughlaq rulers implemented agricultural reforms, such as constructing canals and introducing new crops, to improve agricultural productivity.

2. They promoted trade and commerce by establishing trade routes and providing security for merchants.

3. They introduced a system of price controls and rationing to address inflation and ensure the availability of essential commodities.

4. They maintained a stable currency system based on silver and gold coins to facilitate economic transactions.

How many of the above statements are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q2. Which of the following temples is considered a prime example of Pallava architecture?

Choose the correct option:

a)   Meenakshi Temple, Madurai

b)   Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

c)    Sun Temple, Konark

d)   Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu

Q3. Consider the following statements about Religion and Society in the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. The practice of burying the dead with their heads aligned towards the north is evident.

2. Large-scale temples similar to those found in Mesopotamia have been discovered in the Indus Valley sites.

3. Terracotta figurines found at Indus Valley sites suggest the worship of a mother goddess.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q4. Consider the following statements about Literature and Education in the Vedic Age:

1. The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed around 1500 BCE and is a collection of hymns dedicated to various deities.

2. The Upanishads, part of the later Vedic texts, primarily focus on philosophy, meditation, and the concept of Brahman (ultimate reality).

3. Gurukul was the primary form of education where students lived with the guru (teacher) in the same house and education was imparted orally.

4. The Samaveda consists mainly of musical chants and melodies to be sung during the performance of the Yajna (sacrifice).

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on Indian geography:

1. The Himalayan glaciers have been retreating at an accelerated rate, which could threaten the water supply for millions of people.

2. Climate change has no significant impact on the monsoon patterns in India.

3. Rising sea levels due to global warming threaten India's low-lying coastal areas, including the Sundarbans.

4. There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in India, such as cyclones and floods.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 3 and 4 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

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Q6. What was one of the primary causes of the Revolt of 1857 among Indian sepoys in the British East India Company's army?

Select the correct option:

a)   The introduction of the Enfield P-53 rifle and the greased cartridge issue

b)   The immediate withdrawal of British troops from Indian territories

c)    The imposition of high taxes on Indian agricultural products

d)   The establishment of English as the sole medium of instruction in education

Q7. Consider the following statements about the Himalayan climate:

1. The Himalayan climate varies from tropical at the base to permanent snow and ice at the highest elevations.

2. The Himalayas play a crucial role in forming the monsoon climate in India by acting as a barrier for the monsoon winds.

3. The western disturbances have no impact on the Himalayan climate.

4. The rain shadow effect is responsible for arid conditions in the Trans-Himalayan region.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 4 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q8. Consider the following statements about Rani Lakshmi Bai and her role in the Revolt of 1857:

1. Rani Lakshmi Bai was the queen of the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi.

2. She played a crucial role in the Revolt of 1857 against the British East India Company.

3. Rani Lakshmi Bai died in battle at the age of 22.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q9. Which of the following characteristics is most commonly associated with igneous rocks?

Select the correct option:

a)   They are primarily composed of silicate minerals.

b)   They are formed from the metamorphosis of sedimentary rocks.

c)    They contain fossils.

d)   They are characterized by the presence of strata.

Q10. Consider the following statements about the environmental challenges facing the Mediterranean Sea:

1. The Mediterranean Sea is facing significant challenges due to overfishing, which has led to a decline in fish populations.

2. Pollution from agricultural runoff is a minor issue for the Mediterranean Sea.

3. The introduction of invasive species has disrupted local ecosystems and marine life.

4. Climate change is leading to rising sea temperatures and sea levels, affecting marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q11. Consider the following statements about Laterite Soils:

1. Laterite soils are rich in nitrogen and potassium.

2. They are typically found in regions with high temperatures and heavy rainfall.

3. These soils are particularly suitable for tea and coffee cultivation.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q12. Which of the following materials was predominantly used by the Indus Valley Civilization for their sculptures?

Select the correct material from the options given below:

a)   Granite

b)   Bronze

c)    Terracotta

d)   Marble

Q13. Consider the following statements about the cultural practices of the Vedic civilization:

1. The practice of Yajna (sacrificial fire) was central to the Vedic rituals and was considered a means to sustain the cosmic order.

2. The Rigveda is the oldest of the Vedas and primarily consists of hymns in praise of various deities.

3. Sati, the practice of a widow immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyre, was widely prevalent and encouraged during the Vedic period.

4. The caste system was rigidly defined in the later Vedic period, with society divided into four main varnas.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q14. Which of the following statements best describes the significance of dancing figurines found in Harappa?

Select the correct option:

A. They were used as religious idols in temples.

B. They represent the high social status of dancers in Harappan society.

C. They indicate the existence of a form of entertainment or ritual dance.

D. They were part of a child's toy collection.

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Q15. Consider the following statements about the language and script of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization has been deciphered and is known to be an early form of Sanskrit.

2. The Indus script is not alphabetical but logo-syllabic, where each sign represents a word or a syllable.

3. Over 4000 inscriptions and seals have been found related to the Indus Valley Civilization, featuring this script.

4. The script was used primarily for religious texts and rituals.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   2 and 3 only

b)   1 and 4 only

c)    1, 2, and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q16. Consider the following statements about the Tropical Rainforest Climate:

1. It is characterized by heavy rainfall throughout the year with a short dry season.

2. The average temperature of a tropical rainforest climate rarely exceeds 18°C.

3. This climate is found near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 10°N and 10°S.

4. The Amazon Rainforest in South America is the largest rainforest experiencing this type of climate.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q17. Consider the following statements about the climate zones of the Earth:

1. The tropical climate zone is characterized by consistent high temperatures throughout the year and significant rainfall.

2. Polar climates are found on the continental edges, characterized by moderate temperatures and high precipitation.

3. The temperate climate zone experiences a wide range of temperatures throughout the year and four distinct seasons.

4. Desert climates can be either hot or cold, but they are primarily defined by their low precipitation levels.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 3, and 4 only

d)   all of the above

Q18. What are the three main types of rocks?

Choose the correct option:

a)   Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Igneous

b)   Basalt, Granite, Limestone

c)    Quartz, Feldspar, Mica

d)   Marble, Slate, Pumice

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Q19. Consider the following statements regarding the Mughal administration:

Statement 1: The Mughal Empire was divided into Subas or provinces, which were further divided into Sarkars, Parganas, and villages.

Statement 2: The Mansabdari system was a grading system used to determine the rank and salary of military and civil officers in the Mughal administration.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q20. Consider the following statements about the Trade and Economy of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. The Indus Valley Civilization primarily relied on agriculture, supplemented by a wide range of crafts and trade.

2. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization had trade relations with Mesopotamia, but there is no evidence of contact with Egypt.

3. Seals were used as a means of identification and trade, suggesting the presence of a complex economic system.

4. The Indus Valley Civilization did not use any form of currency for trade transactions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   1, 2, and 3 only

c)    2, 3, and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q21. Which of the following earthquakes is considered one of the most devastating in Indian history, occurring in 1934?

Select the correct option:

a)   Kangra Earthquake

b)   Bihar-Nepal Earthquake

c)    Latur Earthquake

d)   Gujarat Earthquake

Q22. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of Minimum Support Price (MSP) on farmers:

Statement 1: MSP ensures that farmers are guaranteed a minimum price for their produce, protecting them against any sharp fall in market prices. Statement 2: The MSP mechanism can sometimes lead to overproduction of certain crops, which may not be in alignment with the country's nutritional or export needs.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q23. Consider the following statements about the Monsoon patterns in India:

1. The Southwest Monsoon winds are responsible for bringing most of India's rainfall.
2. The Northeast Monsoon affects India's weather primarily during July and August.
3. The Western Ghats block the Southwest Monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall on the western side and a rain shadow region on the eastern side.
4. The onset of the Southwest Monsoon in Kerala marks the beginning of the Monsoon season in India.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   Only four

Q24. Consider the following statements about the impact of Champaran Satyagraha on the Indian Independence Movement:

1. It marked Mahatma Gandhi's first active involvement in the Indian freedom struggle.
2. The success of Champaran Satyagraha led to the widespread use of non-cooperation as a method of protest against the British.
3. It resulted in the immediate attainment of Swaraj for India.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q25. Consider the following statements about the origin of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is one of the world's oldest urban cultures, along with those of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2. It is believed that the civilization flourished around 2500 BCE, primarily in the western part of the Indian subcontinent.
3. The IVC is known for its advanced urban planning, including the world's first known urban sanitation systems.
4. The civilization was discovered in the 1920s after the excavation of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q26. Consider the following statements regarding the Alvar saints of South India:

1. The Alvars were Vaishnavite poet-saints who composed devotional hymns in Tamil.
2. Andal is traditionally considered the only female Alvar among the twelve.
3. Their compositions, known as Divya Prabandham, are considered equivalent to the Vedas in Tamil Vaishnavism.
4. The Alvar tradition flourished primarily in the Chola Empire.

How many of the above statements are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q27. Which of the following was a prominent religious or spiritual figure in the Indus Valley Civilization?

Select the correct option:

a)   The Mother Goddess

b)   The Rain God

c)    The Sun God

d)   The Fire Priest

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Q28. Consider the following statements about Rani Lakshmibai and her role in the Revolt of 1857:

1. Rani Lakshmibai was the queen of the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi in North India which became one of the leading figures in the Revolt of 1857 against British rule.
2. She assumed the regency of Jhansi in 1853 after the death of her husband and was one of the first to raise the banner of revolt in June 1857.
3. Rani Lakshmibai led her troops into battle against the British in Gwalior which significantly contributed to the initial success of the revolt.
4. The British annexed her kingdom under the Doctrine of Lapse refusing to recognize her adopted son as the heir.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q29. Consider the following statements regarding the Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):

Statement 1: The primary objective of RBI's monetary policy is to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth. Statement 2: The Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q30. Consider the following statements about Harappan art and craft:

1. The Harappan civilization is known for its advanced urban planning and architecture, but not much emphasis was given to art and craft.
2. Terracotta, bronze, and stone were commonly used materials in Harappan art, with terracotta being used extensively for figurines.
3. The 'Dancing Girl' statue found in Mohenjo-Daro is an example of Harappan bronze craftsmanship.
4. Harappan seals were primarily used for trade and had no artistic or religious significance.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 4 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   2, 3 and 4 only

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Q31. Consider the following statements about Semiconductor Devices:

1. Semiconductor devices are exclusively made from silicon due to its superior conductivity.
2. They operate by exploiting the electronic properties of materials, particularly the flow of electrons and holes.
3. Semiconductor devices form the backbone of modern electronic systems, including computers, smartphones, and solar cells.
4. The operation of semiconductor devices is unaffected by temperature changes.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   2 and 3 only

b)   1, 2 and 3 only

c)    2, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q32. Consider the following statements about Sufism:

1. Sufism is a mystical Islamic belief system.
2. Sufis strive to experience direct contact with God through mystical means.
3. The Chishti Order is one of the oldest Sufi orders that originated in Persia.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q33. Consider the following statements regarding the expansion of the Khalji Empire:

Statement 1: Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat in 1299 AD was primarily aimed at acquiring the wealth of the Gujarat temples to strengthen his financial resources. Statement 2: The conquest of Chittor in 1303 AD by Alauddin Khalji was motivated by his desire to capture Rani Padmini.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q34. Consider the following statements on High Courts:

1. The High Court is the apex court in the judicial administration of a State.
2. Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI of the Indian Constitution deal with the provisions related to the High Courts.

Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

a)   Only 1

b)   Only 2

c)    Both 1 and 2

d)   None of the above

Q35. Identify the classical dance form of India that originated in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Choose the correct option:

a)   Kathakali

b)   Bharatanatyam

c)    Kuchipudi

d)   Odissi

Q36. Consider the following statements about the Government's response to the Deccan Riots of 1875:

1. The Deccan Riots of 1875 were primarily a peasant revolt against the oppressive practices of moneylenders.
2. The British Government responded by implementing the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879.
3. The Act aimed to provide relief to the peasants by regulating the money lending practices and ensuring fair transactions.
4. The riots led to a significant change in British land revenue policies in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q37. Consider the following measures for Urban Disaster Management:

1. Implementing strict building codes to ensure earthquake resilience.
2. Creating green belts around urban areas to act as buffers against floods.
3. Developing early warning systems for tsunamis and cyclones.
4. Promoting large-scale industrial zones close to city centres to boost economic growth.

How many of the above measures are considered effective strategies for Urban Disaster Management?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   Only four

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Q38. Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of Kheda Satyagraha on the Indian independence movement?

a)   It led to the immediate repeal of the Rowlatt Act

b)   It marked the first successful application of Gandhi's non-cooperation principles

c)    It resulted in the partition of Bengal being annulled

d)   It initiated the process of constitutional reforms leading to the Government of India Act, 1919

Q39. Consider the following statements about Radioactive Waste Management:

1. High-level radioactive waste primarily originates from the fuel of nuclear reactors.
2. Transuranic waste is a type of low-level waste.
3. All radioactive waste can be completely neutralized to become non-radioactive.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q40. Consider the following statements about Polar Orbits:

1. Polar orbits are used primarily for Earth-mapping, Earth observation, and reconnaissance satellites.
2. A satellite in a polar orbit passes above or nearly above both poles of the Earth on each revolution.
3. Polar orbits cannot be used for communication satellites.
4. The inclination of a polar orbit is close to 90 degrees.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 4 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q41. Consider the following statements about the Indian Peninsula:

1. It is bounded by the Himalayas in the north.
2. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet at the Nilgiri Hills.
3. It is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q42. Which of the following military campaigns were undertaken during the Khilji Dynasty?

Choose the correct option:

a)   Conquest of Gujarat

b)   Conquest of Deccan

c)    Conquest of Bengal

d)   All of the above

Q43. Consider the following statements about the Non-Cooperation Movement in India:

1. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
2. It aimed at securing Swaraj or self-rule for India through the surrender of titles and honours and a boycott of British educational institutions courts and products.
3. The movement was abruptly called off by Gandhi in 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident where a peaceful procession turned violent.
4. The movement led to the establishment of the Swaraj Party by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q44. Consider the following statements about Roman Architecture:

1. The Colosseum in Rome was primarily used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles.
2. Roman architecture was notable for its extensive use of concrete and the dome, exemplified by the Pantheon in Rome.
3. The Romans were the first to invent and use the arch in construction, which allowed them to build larger and more durable structures.
4. Aqueducts were built by the Romans to bring water into cities and towns, improving public health and sanitation.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 4 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q45. Consider the following rivers and their regimes:

1. The Nile River has its maximum flow during January and February.
2. The Amazon River experiences its highest water levels in June and July.
3. The Ganga River reaches its peak flow during the monsoon season, particularly in August and September.
4. The Mississippi River has its highest flow in April and May due to snowmelt.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

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Q46. Consider the following statements about the Bhakti Movement:

1. The Bhakti Movement emphasized the importance of a personal relationship with God, bypassing elaborate rituals and caste distinctions.
2. It originated in South India in the 7th century and later spread to North India.
3. The movement was led by both Brahmins and non-Brahmins, including women and members of lower castes.
4. It played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of medieval India, influencing art, music, and literature.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q47. Consider the following statements regarding Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies:

1. Building earthquake-resistant infrastructure is a proactive measure in DRR.
2. Public awareness and education on disaster risk can significantly reduce the impact of disasters.
3. Relocating communities from high-risk areas is considered a last resort in DRR.
4. Investment in early warning systems does not contribute to reducing disaster risk.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q48. Consider the following statements about the role of students in the Swadeshi Movement:

1. Students played a crucial role in spreading the Swadeshi message by boycotting British educational institutions and products.
2. The movement led to the establishment of national schools and colleges by Indian leaders to promote indigenous education.
3. Students actively participated in the burning of foreign goods and organizing public meetings to promote Swadeshi.
4. The involvement of students in the Swadeshi Movement was limited to urban areas and did not have a significant impact on the movement's overall success.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q49. Consider the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian Independence Movement:

1. Mahatma Gandhi led the Dandi March in 1930 to protest against the salt tax imposed by the British.
2. Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience in India was the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917.
3. Gandhi never supported the Quit India Movement of 1942.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

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Q50. Consider the following statements about the social structure in the Vedic period:

1. The society was predominantly pastoral and later became agrarian.
2. The Varna system was initially based on occupation and later became hereditary.
3. The concept of Jana denoted the family unit in Vedic society.
4. Education in the Vedic period was accessible to all sections of society.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q51. Consider the following statements about Yoga Philosophy:

1. Yoga is one of the six Āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophical traditions.
2. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are considered the foundational text of classical Yoga philosophy.
3. The Bhagavad Gita does not address the concept of Yoga.
4. The ultimate goal of Yoga is to achieve Moksha, which means liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q52. Consider the following statements about Bharatanatyam:

1. Bharatanatyam is a major form of Indian classical dance that originated in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
2. The dance form was not well-regarded by the British during their rule in India, leading to its decline in the 19th century.
3. Bharatanatyam performances are not only a form of artistic expression but also a way of telling stories, mostly based on Hindu religious themes.
4. The costume worn in Bharatanatyam is called 'Mekhela Chador', which is traditionally silk and is known for its vibrant colours.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q53. Consider the following statements about Biostimulation:

1. Biostimulation involves the addition of nutrients to stimulate the growth of microorganisms in the environment.
2. Biostimulation is primarily used for the enhancement of oil recovery from depleted wells.
3. The process can be applied to both soil and aquatic environments to remediate contaminated sites.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q54. Consider the following statements about air pollution:

1. Particulate Matter (PM2.5) can only come from man-made sources.
2. Ozone at the ground level is considered a pollutant.
3. Nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere primarily comes from natural sources.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q55. Consider the following statements about Ecotones:

1. An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes.
2. Ecotones are characterized by greater species diversity and density than the adjoining ecosystems.
3. Edge effect is a phenomenon associated with ecotones.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q56. Consider the following statements about Fiscal Deficit and Budget Deficit:

1. Fiscal Deficit is the total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings.
2. Budget Deficit is the difference between all receipts and expenses in both revenue and capital account.
3. Fiscal Deficit gives a clear picture of the government's borrowing needs.
4. Budget Deficit includes only the revenue account and ignores the capital account.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q57. The struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas was primarily for

a)   Control over the fertile Gangetic plains

b)   Access to major seaports on the western coast of India

c)    Religious dominance and propagation

d)   Acquisition of the diamond mines in Golconda

Q58. Consider the following statements about Monsoon Prediction Models in India:

1. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) uses the Dynamic Model for monsoon prediction.
2. The Statistical Model for monsoon prediction relies on historical weather data.
3. Monsoon prediction models can accurately predict the distribution of rainfall across all regions of India.
4. The Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) is used for improving the accuracy of monsoon forecasts.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

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Q59. The Buddhist concept of 'Karma' emphasizes:

a)   The predetermined fate of individuals

b)   The moral law of cause and effect

c)    The cycle of rebirth and its inevitability

d)   The importance of rituals and offerings

Q60. Consider the following statements about IoT Applications in Healthcare:

1. IoT devices in healthcare can significantly reduce the need for direct patient-physician interactions.
2. Remote monitoring of patients using IoT devices can lead to early detection of potential health issues, preventing emergencies.
3. IoT applications in healthcare are limited to urban areas and have no potential benefits for rural settings.
4. The use of wearable technology and IoT devices can improve patient engagement and health outcomes.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 4 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

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Q61. Consider the following applications of isotopes in medicine:

1. Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment.
2. Iodine-131 is used for imaging the brain.
3. Technetium-99m is used in diagnostic imaging to study organ structure and function.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q62. Consider the following statements about Vedic rituals:

1. The Yajna, a ritual of sacrifice, was performed to please the gods and included offerings such as ghee, milk, and grains.
2. Soma, a ritualistic drink, was central to some Vedic rituals and was believed to be a powerful stimulant.
3. The Ashvamedha was a ritual that symbolized royal sovereignty and involved the sacrifice of a horse.
4. Vedic rituals strictly prohibited the participation of women and Shudras.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q63. Consider the following statements about the economy in the Vedic period:

1. Agriculture was the primary occupation and source of income.
2. Cow was considered a unit of value and a medium of exchange.
3. The concept of private property was well established and land was owned by the king.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q64. Consider the following statements about the response of British authorities to Champaran Satyagraha:

1. The British authorities initially resisted the Satyagraha but later agreed to abolish the tinkathia system.
2. The Champaran Satyagraha led to the appointment of a commission to investigate the indigo farmers' condition in which Mahatma Gandhi was also included.
3. The success of Champaran Satyagraha did not have any significant impact on the British policies in India.
4. The British government immediately accepted all demands of the Satyagraha without any investigation.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   1, 2 and 4 only

Q65. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of the 1857 Revolt:

1. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the British Crown took direct control of India.
2. The revolt resulted in the British government promoting the policy of divide and rule by creating divisions between Hindus and Muslims.
3. The Indian National Congress was established immediately after the revolt as a response to the uprising.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q66. Consider the following statements about the philosophy in Vedas:

1. The concept of Karma is introduced in the Rigveda.
2. Upanishads, part of the Vedas, primarily focus on rituals rather than philosophical ideas.
3. The idea of Dharma (duty/righteousness) is central to the teachings of the Vedas.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q67. Consider the following statements about Sufism:

1. Sufism is a form of Islamic mysticism that emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with God.
2. The Sufi movement started in the 9th century in Iraq and quickly spread across the Islamic world.
3. Sufis practice their faith through 'dhikr', the recitation of the names of God, and music, which is universally accepted in Islam.
4. The Chishti Order is one of the oldest Sufi orders, which was founded in Chisht, a small town in Afghanistan, and played a significant role in the spread of Islam in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 4 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q68. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of the Deccan Riots on British rule in India:

1. The Deccan Riots led to the implementation of the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act.
2. The riots resulted in the British government taking direct control over the administration of the Deccan region.
3. The uprising was primarily against the moneylenders, not the British administration.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

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Q69. Consider the following statements regarding the possible reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Frequent floods led to the abandonment of many cities.
2. There was a significant decline in trade with Mesopotamia.
3. Invasion by the Aryans played a crucial role in its decline.
4. Ecological degradation due to deforestation was a contributing factor.

How many of the Statements given above are considered as possible reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?

a)   Only one

b)   Only three

c)    All four

d)   None

Q70. Consider the following statements -

Statement 1: The Tughlaq dynasty witnessed a period of territorial expansion, extending the Delhi Sultanate's reach to its greatest extent. Statement 2: The Tughlaq administration was characterized by a high degree of centralization and control over provincial governors.

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q71. Which of the following states in India is known for its significant area covered by Tropical Rainforests?

Select the correct option:

a)   Rajasthan

b)   Gujarat

c)    Karnataka

d)   Punjab

Q72. Consider the following statements regarding the effects of fiscal deficit on an economy:

1. It leads to increased public sector borrowing.
2. It always results in inflation.
3. It can crowd out private investment.
4. It has no impact on the country's credit rating.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q73. Consider the following statements about the lessons learned from the Deccan Riots of 1875:

1. The Deccan Riots highlighted the plight of the peasantry under the moneylending system prevalent in the region.
2. One of the outcomes of the riots was the British administration's realization of the need for agrarian reforms to address peasant grievances.
3. The riots led to the immediate abolition of the moneylending system and the introduction of cooperative farming in the Deccan region.
4. The Deccan Riots played a significant role in shaping the early nationalist movements in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q74. Consider the impact of climate change on disaster management:

1. Increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters.
2. Shifts in the geographical distribution of certain natural disasters.
3. Enhanced unpredictability of weather patterns, complicating disaster preparedness.
4. Greater strain on disaster management resources and infrastructure.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   All four

Q75. Consider the following statements about the potential benefits of nuclear fusion:

1. Nuclear fusion produces high-level radioactive waste similar to nuclear fission.
2. It offers the possibility of an almost unlimited supply of energy without the risk of greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Nuclear fusion requires isotopes of hydrogen, namely deuterium and tritium, which are abundant in nature.
4. The technology for nuclear fusion has been commercially viable and widely used since the early 21st century.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 4 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   All of the above

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Q76. Consider the following statements about the role of a monarch in a constitutional monarchy:

1. The monarch has absolute power and makes all the decisions regarding the governance of the country.
2. The monarch's role is largely ceremonial, and the actual governance is carried out by elected officials.
3. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch is subject to the country's constitution, unlike in an absolute monarchy.
4. The monarch can enact and veto laws without the approval of the legislative body.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 4 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

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Q77. Which of the following statements is true regarding the evolution of Indian classical dance forms?

a)   They were originally performed in temples as a form of worship.

b)   They have always been a form of entertainment for the royal courts.

c)    They originated from folk dances performed by local communities.

d)   They were developed during the British colonial period as a form of protest.

Q78. Consider the following statements about the United Nations:

1. The United Nations was established on 24th October 1945.
2. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Geneva, Switzerland.
3. The United Nations has 193 member states.
4. English and French are the two official languages of the United Nations.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q79. Which event marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War?

Choose the correct event that initiated the conflict:

a)   The signing of the Declaration of Independence

b)   The Battle of Lexington and Concord

c)    The Boston Tea Party

d)   The French and Indian War

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Q80. What was the primary reason for the Surat Split in the Indian National Congress in 1907?

Choose the correct option:

a)   Differences in the method of struggle against the British

b)   Personal rivalries among the leaders

c)    Disagreements over the partition of Bengal

d)   Conflict over the election of the Congress President

Q81. Consider the following statements about the Coriolis Effect:

1. It is the apparent deflection of moving objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame.
2. The Coriolis Effect is only significant in large-scale movements, such as in the oceans and atmosphere.
3. It causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and right in the northern hemisphere.
4. The effect is strongest at the equator and diminishes towards the poles.

Which of the above statements is correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1, 3 and 4 only

d)   All of the above

Q82. Consider the following statements about water pollution:

1. Water pollution primarily occurs from industrial discharge, agricultural activities, and urban runoff.
2. Thermal pollution, a type of water pollution, is caused by an increase in water temperature and does not affect aquatic life.
3. The Clean Water Act is an international agreement aimed at reducing water pollution globally.
4. Non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from many diffuse sources, unlike pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 4 only

b)   1, 2 and 3 only

c)    2, 3 and 4 only

d)   1, 3 and 4 only

Q83. Consider the following statements about E-Waste Management Techniques:

1. E-waste recycling involves the process of dismantling, shredding, and extracting valuable materials for reuse.
2. Landfilling is considered an environmentally sustainable method for managing e-waste.
3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach under which producers are given a significant responsibility for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products.
4. Bioremediation is a widely used technique for treating e-waste and recovering precious metals.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 3 only

b)   2 and 4 only

c)    1, 2, and 3 only

d)   All of the above

Q84. What are Green Jobs?

Select the correct option:

a)   Jobs that involve heavy manual labour in agricultural fields

b)   Jobs that contribute to preserving or restoring environmental quality

c)    Jobs that primarily involve office work with minimal environmental impact

d)   Jobs in industries that produce greenhouse gases

Q85. Which of the following types of forests covers the largest area in India?

Select the correct option:

a)   Tropical Evergreen Forests

b)   Tropical Deciduous Forests

c)    Mangrove Forests

d)   Montane Forests

Q86. The First Battle of Panipat was fought in:

a)   21 April 1526

b)   21 April 1536

c)    15 April 1526

d)   None of the above

Q87. Which of the following events marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India?

Choose the correct option:

a)   Battle of Plassey

b)   Battle of Panipat

c)    Revolt of 1857

d)   Partition of Bengal

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Q88. Consider the following statements regarding the monetary policy transmission mechanisms:

Statement 1: The interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission primarily influences the economy by altering the cost of borrowing, thereby affecting consumption and investment.

Statement 2: The exchange rate channel of monetary policy transmission affects the economy by directly influencing the export and import levels through changes in the domestic currency value.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q89. Consider the following statements about the Hornbill Festival:

1. The Hornbill Festival is celebrated every year in the first week of December.
2. It is celebrated in Nagaland, Northeast India.
3. The festival is named after the Indian hornbill, the large and colourful forest bird which is displayed in the folklore of most of the state's tribes.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1 and 3 only

d)   1, 2 and 3

Q90. Consider the following statements about the themes depicted in the Bhimbetka rock shelter paintings:

1. The paintings depict scenes of hunting, dancing, music, and horse and elephant riders.
2. They include representations of various animals, such as bison, tigers, lions, wild boar, elephants, antelopes, dogs, lizards, and crocodiles.
3. The paintings are believed to be associated with religious rituals and ceremonies.
4. No human figures have been found in the Bhimbetka rock shelters paintings.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1, 2 and 3 only

b)   2, 3 and 4 only

c)    1 and 2 only

d)   All of the above

Q91. Consider the following statements about the role of media in covering the Deccan Riots:

1. The media played a crucial role in bringing the issues of the Deccan Riots to the attention of the national and international community.
2. Extensive media coverage of the Deccan Riots helped in mobilizing public opinion and governmental action against the injustices faced by the peasantry.
3. The Deccan Riots were largely ignored by the media, leading to minimal public awareness and response.
4. Social media platforms were extensively used to organize protests and spread awareness about the Deccan Riots.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 4 only

d)   3 only

Q92. Consider the following statements about the role of peasants in the Kheda Satyagraha:

1. The Kheda Satyagraha was a peasant movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the Kheda district of Gujarat in 1918.
2. The peasants protested against the high land revenue demand of the British government during a famine.
3. The movement was successful and the British government suspended the revenue collection for the year.
4. The Kheda Satyagraha marked the beginning of economic nationalism in India's freedom struggle.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a)   1 and 2 only

b)   2 and 3 only

c)    1, 2 and 3 only

d)   1, 2, 3 and 4

Q93. Consider the following statements about the Gupta Empire:

Statement 1: The Gupta period is often referred to as the Golden Age of India in terms of art, science, and literature.

Statement 2: The concept of 'Zero' was first time used during the Gupta Empire.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

Q94. Consider the following factors as causes for the Revolt of 1857:

1. Introduction of Enfield rifles.
2. Abolition of Sati by Lord William Bentinck.
3. Doctrine of Lapse policy by Lord Dalhousie.
4. Heavy taxation and the annexation of Awadh.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    Only three

d)   None

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Q95. Which of the following was a significant feature of the Rashtrakutas Administration?

Select the correct option:

a)   The concept of divine kingship

b)   Introduction of the Feudal system

c)    Establishment of a centralized military administration

d)   Land grants to religious institutions

Q96. Consider the following statements about the Harappan Civilization:

1. The Harappan Civilization was known for its advanced urban planning, including the use of grid layouts in city construction.
2. Evidence of horse remains has been found at Harappan sites, indicating the early domestication of horses by the Harappans.
3. The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro is considered an ancient public water tank for ritual bathing.

How many of the Statements given above are correct?

a)   Only one

b)   Only two

c)    All three

d)   None

Q97. Which of the following features is NOT associated with the bronze sculptures of the Chola period?

Select the correct option:

a)   Use of the lost-wax casting technique

b)   High level of realism and detail

c)    Depiction of deities in their youthful form

d)   Predominant use of stone instead of bronze

Q98. Which of the following statements best describes Akbar's policy towards the Rajputs?

a)   Akbar expelled all Rajputs from his court and military.

b)   Akbar formed matrimonial alliances with Rajput princesses.

c)    Akbar declared war against all Rajput kingdoms.

d)   Akbar converted all Rajput kings to Islam.

Q99. Which of the following statements about the social life in the Sangam Age is correct?

a)   The society was matriarchal in the Sangam period.

b)   The caste system was rigidly followed in the Sangam period.

c)    Meat consumption was common among the people of the Sangam period.

d)   Education was exclusively for the upper classes in the Sangam period.

Q100. Consider the following statements about the Vijayanagara Empire:

Statement 1: The Vijayanagara Empire was established in the year 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.

Statement 2: The empire is known for its advanced administrative practices, including the establishment of a centralized revenue collection system.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

a)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1

b)   Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

c)    Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

d)   Statement 1 is incorrect but Statement 2 is correct

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UPSC - GS1- ANSWER KEY FOR MOCK TEST CODE MK1100/01

Q1. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: - Statement 1 is correct: The Tughlaq rulers, particularly Firuz Shah Tughlaq, implemented agricultural reforms to improve productivity and generate revenue.

Statement 2 is correct: They promoted trade and commerce by establishing trade routes and providing security for merchants.

Statement 3 is partially correct: Muhammad bin Tughlaq attempted to control prices and rationing, but

these measures were largely unsuccessful and contributed to economic instability.

Statement 4 is incorrect: The introduction of token currency by Muhammad bin Tughlaq led to economic instability and counterfeiting, undermining the stability of the currency system.

Q2. Correct Answer: B. Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

Explanation: The Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram is a prime example of Pallava architecture. It is known for its intricate carvings and is considered one of the oldest structures in Kanchipuram.

Q3. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Evidence from various Indus Valley Civilization sites indicates that the dead were buried with their heads generally aligned towards the north, suggesting some form of ritual or belief associated with directions. Statement 2 is incorrect: Unlike Mesopotamia or contemporary civilizations, there is no conclusive evidence of large-scale temples in the Indus Valley Civilization. The religious practices seem to have been more domestic or communal without centralized temple structures. Statement 3 is correct: Terracotta figurines, particularly those representing female forms, have been interpreted by some scholars as indicative of a mother goddess worship, suggesting a form of fertility cult or reverence for a female deity.

Q4. Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: All the statements are correct. The Rigveda is indeed the oldest of the Vedas, composed around 1500 BCE. The Upanishads focus on philosophical inquiries and concepts such as Brahman. The Gurukul system was the primary form of education during the Vedic Age, emphasizing oral learning and living with the guru. The Samaveda is known for its musical chants, which were integral to the rituals of the Yajna.

Q5. Correct Answer: A. 1, 3 and 4 only

Explanation: Statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct. The Himalayan glaciers are indeed retreating at an accelerated rate due to global warming, which poses a significant threat to the water supply for millions of people. Rising sea levels threaten low-lying coastal areas, including the Sundarbans. There has also been an observed increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. However, statement 2 is incorrect as climate change significantly impacts monsoon patterns in India, making them more erratic.

Q6. Correct Answer: A. The introduction of the Enfield P-53 rifle and the greased cartridge issue

Explanation: The introduction of the Enfield P-53 rifle, which used greased cartridges that were rumored to be made of beef and pork fat, was a major cause of the Revolt of 1857. This was offensive to both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

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Q7. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The Himalayan climate is diverse, ranging from tropical at lower elevations to permanent snow and ice at the highest points. The Himalayas significantly influence the monsoon climate in India by blocking the monsoon winds, which causes heavy rainfall in northern India. The western disturbances, originating from the Mediterranean region, do impact the Himalayan climate, especially during the winter months, bringing snowfall in the northwestern Himalayan region. The rain shadow effect leads to arid conditions in the Trans-Himalayan region, as it lies in the leeward side of the mountains. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.

Q8. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Rani Lakshmi Bai was indeed the queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi in North India. She became one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and is remembered for her resistance against the British Raj.

Statement 2 is correct: Rani Lakshmi Bai played a pivotal role in the Revolt of 1857, leading her troops against the British forces. Her leadership and bravery have made her a symbol of the fight for independence in India.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Rani Lakshmi Bai died in battle on 18 June 1858, at the age of about 29, not 22. She fought valiantly against the British forces in Gwalior and is remembered for her courage.

Q9. Correct Answer: A. They are primarily composed of silicate minerals.

Explanation: Igneous rocks are primarily composed of silicate minerals and are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Unlike sedimentary rocks, they do not contain fossils and are not characterized by the presence of strata, which are layers found in sedimentary and some metamorphic rocks.

Q10. Correct Answer: C. 1, 3 and 4 only

Explanation: The Mediterranean Sea faces numerous environmental challenges, including overfishing, pollution, invasive species, and the impacts of climate change. Statement 2 is incorrect because pollution from agricultural runoff is a significant issue, contributing to eutrophication and dead zones in the sea. Therefore, statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct, highlighting the major environmental challenges.

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Q11. Correct Answer: A. Only one

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: Laterite soils are generally poor in nitrogen and potassium. They are mainly found in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall, which leads to intense leaching. The leaching process causes the loss of soluble materials from the soil, including essential nutrients, making them less fertile for many crops. Statement 2 is correct: The formation of laterite soils is associated with regions experiencing high temperatures and heavy rainfall. These conditions facilitate the leaching process, which is characteristic of laterite soil formation. Statement 3 is incorrect: While laterite soils are not particularly fertile due to leaching, they can be made suitable for certain types of cultivation, such as cashew nuts, with appropriate management and fertilization. However, they are not particularly suitable for tea and coffee cultivation, which typically requires well-drained, fertile soils rich in organic matter.

Q12. Correct Answer: C. Terracotta

Explanation: The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organization. Among their artistic achievements, terracotta was predominantly used for sculptures, including figurines of humans and animals, which were often quite detailed. Bronze was also used, notably in the famous 'Dancing Girl' sculpture, but terracotta was more common for a wider range of figurative art.

Q13. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Yajna was indeed central to Vedic rituals, and the Rigveda is known for its hymns dedicated to various deities. Statement 3 is incorrect as the practice of Sati was not prevalent or encouraged during the Vedic period; it emerged much later. Statement 4 is partially correct; while the caste system did become more defined in the later Vedic period, the statement oversimplifies the complexity and evolution of the caste system over time.

Q14. Correct Answer: C. They indicate the existence of a form of entertainment or ritual dance.

Explanation: The dancing figurines, especially the famous bronze dancing girl, suggest that dance was a form of entertainment or possibly had ritual significance in the Harappan society. There is no concrete evidence to suggest they were used as religious idols, represented social status, or were children's toys.

Q15. Correct Answer: A. 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The script of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered, making statement 1 incorrect. It is widely believed to be logo-syllabic (statement 2 is correct) and over 4000 inscriptions and seals have indeed been found (statement 3 is correct). There is no conclusive evidence to suggest that the script was used primarily for religious texts and rituals, making statement 4 incorrect.

Q16. Correct Answer: C. 1, 3 and 4 only

Explanation: The Tropical Rainforest Climate is characterized by heavy rainfall throughout the year without a significant dry season, and it is indeed found near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 10°N and 10°S. The average temperature is much higher than 18°C, typically around 27°C. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest example of this climate. Therefore, statements 1, 3, and 4 are correct.

Q17. Correct Answer: C. 1, 3, and 4 only

Explanation: The tropical climate zone indeed has high temperatures and significant rainfall. Polar climates are not found on continental edges with moderate temperatures; they are actually found near the poles and are characterized by very low temperatures and low precipitation. The temperate climate zone does experience a wide range of temperatures and distinct seasons. Desert climates are defined by their low precipitation levels and can be hot or cold.

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Q18. Correct Answer: A. Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Igneous

Explanation: The three main types of rocks are Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks that are changed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes. Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

Q19. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: Both statements are correct. The Mughal Empire's administrative structure was indeed divided into Subas, Sarkars, Parganas, and villages. The Mansabdari system was a unique feature of the Mughal administration, determining the rank and duties of military and civil officers, but it is not a direct explanation for the administrative division into Subas, Sarkars, Parganas, and villages.

Q20. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The Indus Valley Civilization was known for its advanced urban planning, agricultural practices, and trade.

Satement 2 is incorrect: They had extensive trade relations not only with Mesopotamia but also with regions as far as Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf, which is evident from the discovery of Indus seals and goods in those regions.However, the statement that there is no evidence of contact with Egypt is incorrect, as there have been discoveries suggesting indirect contact through Mesopotamia.

Statement 3 is correct: Seals were indeed used for trade and possibly for administrative purposes, indicating a sophisticated economic system.

Statement 4 is incorrect: The civilization also used various forms of barter system, and while they did not have coins, they used standardized weights for trade transactions.

Hence,statements 1 and 3 are correct.

Q21. Correct Answer: B. Bihar-Nepal Earthquake

Explanation: The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake in 1934 was one of the most devastating earthquakes in Indian history, causing widespread destruction and loss of life in the affected areas.

Q22. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as MSP is designed to ensure that farmers get a minimum profit for their produce, thereby providing them with a safety net against fluctuating market prices. Statement 2 is also correct; however, it is an unintended consequence of the MSP system rather than an explanation for Statement 1. The MSP can indeed lead to the overproduction of certain crops, particularly those for which the MSP is relatively more attractive, potentially distorting crop patterns and not necessarily aligning with nutritional or export needs.

Q23. Correct Answer: C. Only three

Explanation: The Southwest Monsoon winds are indeed responsible for most of India's rainfall, and the Western Ghats block these winds, causing heavy rainfall on the western side and creating a rain shadow region on the eastern side. The onset of the Southwest Monsoon in Kerala indeed marks the beginning of the Monsoon season in India. However, the Northeast Monsoon affects India's weather primarily during the months of October to December, not July and August. Therefore, three statements are correct.

Q24. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 marked Mahatma Gandhi's first active involvement in the Indian freedom struggle, where he employed his method of Satyagraha or non- violent resistance for the first time in India. Statement 2 is correct: The success of Champaran Satyagraha inspired many other protests and was a significant factor in the widespread use of non-cooperation as a method of protest against the British. Statement 3 is incorrect: While Champaran Satyagraha was a significant event in the Indian independence movement, it did not result in the immediate attainment of Swaraj (self-rule) for India. The struggle for independence continued for three more decades after the Champaran movement.

Q25. Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: All the statements provided are correct. The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was discovered in the 1920s after the excavation of Harappa and then Mohenjo- Daro. It is one of the world's oldest urban cultures, noted for its advanced urban planning, including sophisticated sewage and drainage systems. It flourished around 2500 BCE in the western part of the Indian subcontinent.

Q26. Correct Answer: C. Only three

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The Alvars were indeed Vaishnavite poet-saints who expressed their devotion through Tamil hymns.

Statement 2 is correct: Andal holds a unique position as the only female Alvar among the twelve revered figures.

Statement 3 is correct: The Divya Prabandham, a collection of the Alvars' hymns, is highly revered in Tamil Vaishnavism, often considered on par with the Vedas in terms of spiritual significance.

Statement 4 is incorrect: The Alvar tradition thrived during the Pallava dynasty, not the Chola Empire. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Only three.

Q27. Correct Answer: A. The Mother Goddess

Explanation: The Mother Goddess is considered a prominent figure in the Indus Valley Civilization, representing fertility. Many terracotta figurines of women, believed to depict the Mother Goddess, have been found, suggesting her importance in their religious practices.

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Q28. Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: All the statements are correct. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi played a pivotal role in the Revolt of 1857 against British rule. She became a symbol of resistance for leading her troops into battle and for her refusal to cede her kingdom under the Doctrine of Lapse.

Q29. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as the primary objective of RBI's monetary policy is indeed to maintain price stability, which is crucial for sustainable economic growth.

Statement 2 is also correct, but it does not serve as an explanation for Statement 1. The Repo Rate is indeed the rate at which the RBI lends to its clients, primarily commercial banks, against government securities.

Therefore, both the statements are correct, however, the 2nd statement is not the correct explanation of the 1st statement. Both statements are independent of each other.

Q30. Correct Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The Harappan civilization is renowned for its significant advancements in urban planning, architecture, and also for its art and craft. Terracotta, bronze, and stone were indeed commonly used materials, with terracotta figurines being quite prevalent. The 'Dancing Girl' statue is a notable example of Harappan bronze work, showcasing their skill in metal craftsmanship. Harappan seals, contrary to statement 4, were used for trade and also carried artistic and possibly religious significance, often depicting animals and other motifs.

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Q31. Correct Answer: A. 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect because semiconductor devices can be made from a variety of materials, not just silicon. Silicon is widely used because of its abundant availability and favorable electronic properties, but other materials like germanium and gallium arsenide are also used. Statement 4 is incorrect as the operation of semiconductor devices is significantly affected by temperature changes; for instance, their conductivity increases with temperature. Therefore, only statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Q32. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Sufism is indeed a mystical Islamic belief system that emphasizes inward search for God and shuns materialism. Statement 2 is correct: Sufis seek a personal, direct experience of God, often through prayer and meditation, aiming for a state of spiritual closeness or union with God. Statement 3 is incorrect: While the Chishti Order is indeed one of the oldest Sufi orders, it did not originate in Persia. It was founded in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan, by Abu Ishaq Shami.

Q33. Correct Answer: C. Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as Alauddin Khalji's conquests, including that of Gujarat, were indeed aimed at consolidating financial resources and extending the empire's territory. However, Statement 2 is a popular narrative but historically disputed, and the primary motivations for the conquest of Chittor were strategic and military dominance, not personal.

Q34. Correct Answer: D. None of the above

Explanation: The High Court is the apex court in the judicial administration of a State under the integrated judicial system established by the Constitution of India. Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI of the Indian Constitution deal with the provisions related to the High Courts.

The constitutional provisions mentioned under these articles deal with the organization, independence, jurisdiction, powers, and procedures of the High Courts.

Q35. Correct Answer: C. Kuchipudi

Explanation: Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is distinguished by its graceful movements and strong narrative character. Unlike Kathakali from Kerala, Bharatanatyam from Tamil Nadu, and Odissi from Odisha, Kuchipudi holds a unique place in the Indian classical dance forms for its expressiveness and the use of speech.

Q36. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The Deccan Riots of 1875 were indeed a peasant revolt against the moneylenders' high interest rates and exploitative practices. In response, the British Government enacted the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879 to regulate money lending practices and protect the peasants from exploitation. This Act was significant as it aimed to provide a legal framework to ensure fair transactions between moneylenders and borrowers. However, the statement that the riots led to a significant change in British land revenue policies in India is too broad and not directly related to the immediate outcomes of the Deccan Riots.

Q37. Correct Answer: C. Only three

Explanation: Measures 1, 2, and 3 are considered effective strategies for Urban Disaster Management as they focus on resilience, prevention, and early warning against natural disasters. Measure 4, promoting large-scale industrial zones close to city centers, does not directly contribute to disaster management and can, in fact, exacerbate risks by increasing population density and pollution in vulnerable areas.

Q38. Correct Answer: B. It marked the first successful application of Gandhi's non-cooperation principles

Explanation: Kheda Satyagraha marked the first successful application of Gandhi's non-cooperation

principles. It was a significant event that demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent protest and civil disobedience in the Indian struggle for independence, setting a precedent for future actions.

Q39. Correct Answer: A. Only one

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: High-level radioactive waste primarily comes from spent fuel of nuclear reactors, which contains elements that are highly radioactive and can remain so for thousands of years. Statement 2 is incorrect: Transuranic waste is not considered low-level waste; it consists of materials and debris contaminated with elements that have atomic numbers greater than uranium (hence 'transuranic'). This type of waste is a concern due to its long-lived radioactivity. Statement 3 is incorrect: While certain treatments and containment strategies can significantly reduce the risk and mobility of radioactive waste, there is currently no process that can completely neutralize radioactive waste to make it non-radioactive. The management strategies focus on containment, dilution, and delay of decay rather than neutralization.

Q40. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: Polar orbits are indeed used for Earth-mapping, Earth observation, and reconnaissance, as they allow the satellite to see virtually every part of the Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it. The inclination of a polar orbit is indeed close to 90 degrees. However, statement 3 is incorrect because while polar orbits are not typically used for geostationary communications satellites, they can be used for communication satellites, especially those in low Earth orbit that serve high latitude regions.

Q41. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: The Indian Peninsula is not bounded by the Himalayas in the north. The Himalayas are located to the north of the Indian subcontinent, but they are not directly part of the Indian Peninsula. Statement 2 is correct: The Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats do indeed meet at the Nilgiri Hills, forming a significant geographic feature of the Indian Peninsula. Statement 3 is correct: The Indian Peninsula is surrounded by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south, making it a prominent peninsular region.

Q42. Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: During the Khilji Dynasty, Alauddin Khilji, the most prominent ruler, undertook several military campaigns. These included the conquest of Gujarat, Deccan, and Bengal.

Q43. Correct Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Let's analyse each statement:

Statement 1: Correct

The Non-Cooperation Movement was indeed launched in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. While the Rowlatt Act's implementation played a role, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 1919) was a significant turning point that solidified public opinion against the British and provided the immediate context for the movement's launch.

Statement 2: Correct

The Non-Cooperation Movement's core strategy involved a multi-pronged approach to paralyze the British administration in India. This included surrendering titles and honors, boycotting British institutions (educational, legal, administrative), promoting indigenous products, and advocating for self-reliance (Swadeshi).

Statement 3: Correct

The Chauri Chaura incident, where a mob set fire to a police station killing several policemen, deeply disturbed Gandhi. He believed in non-violence and felt the movement was veering off its intended path. As a result, he called off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922.

Statement 4: Correct

The calling off of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to disillusionment among some nationalist leaders who believed in pursuing a more active role in the legislative councils. This difference in opinion led to the formation of the Swaraj Party in 1923, with prominent leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das at the helm.

Therefore, all the statements are correct.

Q44. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: Statement 1: Correct

The Colosseum, built by the Roman Empire, was indeed designed for grand spectacles. These included gladiatorial combats, animal hunts, and even mock sea battles (naumachiae), showcasing the empire's power and entertaining its citizens.

Statement 2: Correct

Roman architecture is renowned for its innovative use of concrete and the dome. Concrete, a strong and

versatile material, allowed for the construction of massive structures like the Colosseum. The Pantheon, a temple dedicated to all gods, features the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome, a testament to Roman engineering prowess.

Statement 3: Incorrect

While the Romans mastered and extensively used the arch, they were not its inventors. The arch was employed in earlier civilizations, such as the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. However, the Romans fully realized its potential, incorporating it into aqueducts, bridges, and buildings, enhancing their structural integrity and grandeur.

Statement 4: Correct

Roman aqueducts stand as remarkable feats of engineering. These sophisticated systems transported fresh water over long distances, supplying cities and towns, and significantly contributing to public health and sanitation by providing clean water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation.

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Q45. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: The Nile River experiences its maximum flow during the summer months, not January and February, due to the rainy season in its Ethiopian source areas. The Amazon River indeed experiences its highest water levels around March and May. The Ganga River in India reaches its peak flow during the monsoon season, with August and September being particularly high-flow months. The Mississippi River's highest flow is in the spring, around April and May, as snow melts in the northern parts of its basin.

Therefore, two statements are correct.

Q46. Correct Answer: D. All four

Explanation: All the statements given are correct. The Bhakti Movement was a devotional trend that emphasized a personal relationship with God, cutting across the caste system and traditional rituals. It originated in South India around the 7th century with saints like Alvars and Nayanars and later spread to North India. The movement saw contributions from people across various social strata, including women and members of lower castes, and had a profound impact on the cultural aspects of medieval India, including its art, music, and literature.

Q47. Correct Answer: C. Only three

Explanation: Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct as they are recognized strategies in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Building earthquake-resistant infrastructure, public awareness, and education, as well as relocating communities from high-risk areas, are proactive measures to reduce disaster risk. However, statement 4 is incorrect because investment in early warning systems is actually a critical component of DRR, as it can provide advance notice of potential disasters, allowing for timely evacuations and preparations that can save lives and reduce economic losses.

Q48. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Students played a pivotal role in the Swadeshi Movement, not only in boycotting British products and institutions but also in spreading the Swadeshi ideology through the establishment of national schools and colleges, and active participation in protests such as the burning of foreign goods. Their involvement was significant across both urban and rural areas, making statement 4 incorrect.

Q49. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The Dandi March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly, led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.

Statement 2 is correct: Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience in India was indeed the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917, aimed at addressing the grievances of farmers in the Champaran district of Bihar who were forced to grow indigo under oppressive conditions.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Gandhi was a key figure in the Quit India Movement of 1942, which called for the end of British rule in India. He delivered a speech launching the movement with the famous slogan 'Do or Die'.

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Q50. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Explanation: The Vedic society was initially pastoral and with time moved towards an agrarian structure. The Varna system, which classified society into different categories, was based on occupation but later became hereditary. The term 'Jana' in Vedic society referred to a tribe or people and not to the family unit, which was denoted by 'Kula'. Education in the Vedic period was primarily accessible to the upper sections of society, particularly the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, and not to all sections of society.

Q51. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: Yoga is indeed one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, and Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are a key text in Yoga philosophy. The Bhagavad Gita extensively discusses different types of Yoga, making statement 3 incorrect. The ultimate aim of Yoga is indeed Moksha, or liberation.

Q52. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Bharatanatyam is indeed a major form of Indian classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu. It faced decline during British rule due to disapproval by the colonial authorities. Bharatanatyam performances often depict Hindu religious themes and stories. However, the costume worn is not called 'Mekhela Chador', which is actually associated with Assam. The traditional Bharatanatyam costume is known for its vibrant colors and is typically made of silk, but it is not called 'Mekhela Chador'. Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Q53. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Biostimulation involves the addition of nutrients or substrates to stimulate the growth of indigenous microorganisms in the environment, which can enhance the biodegradation of contaminants. Statement 2 is incorrect: Although biostimulation can be used in the context of enhancing oil recovery, its primary application is in the remediation of contaminated environments, not specifically for oil recovery from depleted wells. Statement 3 is correct: Biostimulation can be applied to both soil and aquatic environments, making it a versatile approach for the remediation of various contaminated sites.

Q54. Correct Answer: A. Only one

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) includes pollutants that are both man-

made and natural. Examples of natural sources include forest fires and dust from natural erosion.

Statement 2 is correct: Ozone at the ground level, unlike the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, is harmful and considered a pollutant. It is a component of smog and can cause respiratory problems. Statement 3 is incorrect: Nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere primarily comes from man-made sources, especially the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial facilities.

Q55. Correct Answer: C. All three

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: An ecotone is indeed a transition area between two biomes, ecosystems, or habitats, where two communities meet and integrate. Statement 2 is correct: Ecotones are often characterized by a greater species diversity and density than is found in either of the adjoining ecosystems, due to the presence of species from both ecosystems and the occurrence of unique species adapted to the conditions of the ecotone. Statement 3 is correct: The edge effect is a phenomenon particularly associated with ecotones, where there is an increased level of biodiversity and abundance of certain species along the margins of two adjoining ecosystems.

Q56. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

Explanation: Fiscal Deficit is indeed the total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings, indicating the total borrowing requirements of the government. Budget Deficit, however, is not correctly defined in statement 2; it is the difference between all government receipts (excluding borrowings) and all spending. Therefore, statement 4 is incorrect as the Budget Deficit does not exclude capital account transactions. Statement 3 correctly explains the implication of Fiscal Deficit.

Q57. Correct Answer: A. Control over the fertile Gangetic plains

Explanation: The struggle between the Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas was primarily for control over the fertile Gangetic plains, which were crucial for agricultural production and ensuring the economic prosperity of their respective empires.

Q58. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) uses both Dynamic and Statistical Models for monsoon prediction. The Statistical Model relies on historical weather data, while the Dynamic Model simulates the atmosphere's physical processes. The Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) is indeed used to enhance the accuracy of forecasts by combining multiple forecasts. However, no model can accurately predict the distribution of rainfall across all regions of India due to the complex nature of monsoons and regional variations.

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Q59. Correct Answer: B. The moral law of cause and effect

Explanation: Karma, in Buddhist philosophy, refers to the principle of cause and effect, where actions have consequences. It suggests that intentional actions, whether mental, verbal, or physical, create imprints on the mind that influence future experiences and rebirths.

Q60. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: IoT devices in healthcare can indeed reduce the need for direct interactions between patients and physicians by enabling remote monitoring, which can also lead to early detection of health issues.

While IoT applications have significant benefits for urban areas, they also hold potential for transforming healthcare delivery in rural settings by overcoming geographical barriers. The statement that IoT applications are limited to urban areas is therefore incorrect. Wearable technology and IoT devices have been shown to improve patient engagement and health outcomes by enabling continuous health monitoring and personalized care.

Q61. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Cobalt-60 is widely used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment due to its ability to emit gamma rays, which effectively kill cancer cells. Statement 2 is incorrect: Iodine-131 is primarily used for diagnosing and treating thyroid conditions, not for imaging the brain. Statement 3 is correct: Technetium-99m is the most commonly used isotope in diagnostic imaging for a variety of organs due to its ideal physical characteristics, including a short half-life and the emission of gamma rays suitable for detection by a gamma camera.

Q62. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Vedic rituals were complex ceremonies that involved various offerings and sacrifices to please the gods. The Yajna, Soma, and Ashvamedha were significant rituals with specific purposes and symbolic meanings. While the participation of women in these rituals was limited and varied among different texts and interpretations, it is not accurate to say that their participation was strictly prohibited. Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct, making statement 4 incorrect.

Q63. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Agriculture was indeed the primary occupation for many in the Vedic period, with evidence suggesting the cultivation of crops like barley. Statement 2 is correct: Cows were highly valued and often used as a unit of value and medium of exchange in transactions, reflecting their importance in the Vedic economy. Statement 3 is incorrect: While the concept of private property existed, land was not exclusively owned by the king. It was more common for land to be a community resource, with certain rights possibly granted by the king.

Q64. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Explanation: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was a pivotal event in the Indian independence movement. It marked Mahatma Gandhi's first active involvement in Indian politics as a leader of a mass movement. The British authorities initially resisted but later agreed to abolish the tinkathia system (where farmers were forced to plant indigo on a portion of their land) after the appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of the indigo farmers, in which Gandhi was included. This Satyagraha significantly impacted British policies in India, showing the effectiveness of non-violent protest. However, the British government did not immediately accept all demands without investigation, making statement 4 incorrect.

Q65. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, marked a significant turning point in Indian history. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858, which led to the dissolution of the East India Company. The British Crown took over direct control of India, marking the beginning of the British Raj.

Statement 2 is correct: After the revolt, the British government intensified its policy of divide and rule, exploiting religious, regional, and caste differences to prevent similar uprisings. This policy aimed at creating divisions between Hindus and Muslims, among others, to weaken the unity among Indians.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Indian National Congress was established in 1885, which is several years after the revolt of 1857. It was not a direct response to the uprising but was founded to form a platform for civic and political dialogue among Indians.

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Q66. Correct Answer: A. Only one

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: The concept of Karma, as understood in the philosophical context of duties, actions, and their consequences, is more explicitly developed in the later texts like the Upanishads, not directly in the Rigveda. Statement 2 is incorrect: Upanishads, which are part of the Vedas, mark a transition from ritualistic to philosophical thought and primarily focus on concepts such as Brahman (the ultimate reality) and Atman (the soul), rather than rituals. Statement 3 is correct: The idea of Dharma, which encompasses duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues, and ‘the right way of living’, is a recurrent theme in the Vedas, highlighting the importance of righteousness and moral order in human life.

Q67. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: Sufism, known for its mysticism, started in the early centuries of Islam and emphasizes a direct, personal experience with the divine, often through practices like dhikr. While music plays a significant role in many Sufi traditions, its acceptance varies across the Islamic world, making statement 3 incorrect. The Chishti Order, indeed one of the oldest, was crucial in spreading Islam in the Indian subcontinent.

Q68. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act was indeed implemented as a response to the Deccan Riots, aiming to alleviate the suffering of the farmers by regulating money lending practices.

Statement 2 is incorrect: While the Deccan Riots highlighted the need for administrative reforms, they did not directly result in the British government taking direct control over the Deccan region's administration. The control was already under the British East India Company.

Statement 3 is correct: The Deccan Riots of 1875 were primarily targeted against the Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders by the peasantry, who were burdened with high-interest rates and debts, rather than a direct rebellion against the British administration.

Q69. Correct Answer: B. Only three

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Archaeological evidence suggests that frequent floods damaged the agricultural lands and urban settlements, leading to the abandonment of cities. Statement 2 is correct: The decline in trade, especially with Mesopotamia, could have weakened the economic foundation of the Indus Valley Civilization. Statement 3 is incorrect: The theory of an Aryan invasion playing a crucial role in the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization has been widely debated and lacks concrete archaeological evidence. Statement 4 is correct: Ecological degradation due to deforestation for agricultural expansion and urban development might have led to a decline in the availability of resources, contributing to the civilization's decline.

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Q70. Correct Answer: C. Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is incorrect

Explanation: - The Tughlaq dynasty did see some territorial expansion under Muhammad bin Tughlaq, but it was also marked by rebellions and loss of control in some regions.

While the Tughlaqs attempted to centralize power, they faced challenges in maintaining control over vast territories and often dealt with rebellions from provincial governors.

Q71. Correct Answer: C. Karnataka

Explanation: Karnataka is known for its significant area covered by Tropical Rainforests, especially in the Western Ghats region, which is a biodiversity hotspot.

Q72. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: A fiscal deficit occurs when a government's total expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates, excluding money from borrowings. This situation often leads to increased public sector borrowing.

Statement 2 is incorrect: While a fiscal deficit can lead to inflation if the economy is operating at full capacity, it is not always the case. The impact on inflation depends on various factors including the state of the economy and how the borrowed funds are utilized.

Statement 3 is correct: Fiscal deficits can crowd out private investment because the government borrows from the same pool of savings as the private sector, potentially raising interest rates and making borrowing more expensive for private entities.

Statement 4 is incorrect: Fiscal deficits can impact a country's credit rating. Large and sustained fiscal deficits may lead to a downgrade in credit ratings as they reflect poorly on a country's fiscal health and its ability to repay debts.

Q73. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation: The Deccan Riots of 1875 were a significant event that underscored the dire conditions of the peasantry under the exploitative moneylending system. While the riots did prompt the British administration to reconsider agrarian policies, leading to some reforms aimed at alleviating peasant distress, they did not result in the immediate abolition of the moneylending system or the introduction of cooperative farming. The impact of the riots on the early nationalist movements highlights the growing awareness and activism against colonial policies and economic exploitation.

Q74.Correct Answer: D. All four

Explanation: All four statements correctly describe the impact of climate change on disaster management. Climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, shifts in their geographical distribution, greater unpredictability of weather patterns, and a higher strain on disaster management resources and infrastructure.

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Q75. Correct Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Nuclear fusion, unlike nuclear fission, does not produce high-level radioactive waste, making statement 1 incorrect. It indeed has the potential to provide a nearly limitless supply of energy with minimal environmental impact, making statement 2 correct. Deuterium can be extracted from seawater, making it abundant, and tritium can be bred from lithium, which is also relatively abundant, making statement 3 correct. As of now, nuclear fusion technology has not yet been made commercially viable, making statement 4 incorrect.

Q76. Correct Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Explanation: In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's role is largely ceremonial, and the governance of the country is carried out by elected officials. The monarch is subject to the country's constitution, which differentiates it from an absolute monarchy where the monarch has absolute power. Therefore, statements 1 and 4 are incorrect as they describe features of an absolute monarchy, not a constitutional monarchy.

Q77. Correct Answer: A. They were originally performed in temples as a form of worship.

Explanation: Indian classical dance forms have a rich history that dates back to ancient times. They were originally performed in temples as a form of worship. This religious and devotional context is evident in the themes, stories, and motifs explored in classical dance performances, which often revolve around Hindu mythology and spiritual ideas.

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Q78. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

Explanation: The United Nations was indeed established on 24th October 1945, making statement 1 correct. It has 193 member states, which makes statement 3 correct. However, the headquarters of the United Nations is not in Geneva, Switzerland, but in New York City, United States, making statement 2 incorrect. The United Nations has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish, making statement 4 partially correct but misleading as it suggests there are only two official languages. Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 3 only.

Q79. Correct Answer: B. The Battle of Lexington and Concord

Explanation: The Battle of Lexington and Concord, which took place on April 19, 1775, is considered the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War. It marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.

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Q80. Correct Answer: A. Differences over the method of struggle against the British

Explanation: The primary reason for the Surat Split was differences over the method of struggle against the British. The Congress was divided into two groups - the Moderates, who advocated for constitutional reforms and negotiations, and the Extremists, who pushed for more direct forms of protest.

Q81. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The Coriolis Effect is indeed the apparent deflection of moving objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame, making statements 1 and 2 correct. It causes moving air and water to turn right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere, confirming statement 3. However, statement 4 is incorrect because the effect is actually zero at the equator and increases towards the poles.

Q82. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 4 only

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as water pollution is indeed primarily caused by industrial discharge, agricultural activities, and urban runoff. Statement 2 is incorrect because thermal pollution does affect aquatic life by decreasing oxygen supply and altering the ecosystem. Statement 3 is incorrect as the Clean Water Act is a United States federal law aimed at reducing pollutants discharged into the waters and regulating quality standards for surface waters. Statement 4 is correct as non-point source pollution comes from many diffuse sources.

Q83. Correct Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

Explanation: E-waste recycling indeed involves processes like dismantling, shredding, and extracting valuable materials. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that places responsibility on producers for the disposal of post-consumer products, aiming to encourage them to design environmentally friendly products. Landfilling is not considered environmentally sustainable due to the potential release of toxic substances into the environment. Bioremediation is not typically used for e-waste management or the recovery of precious metals; it is more commonly applied to the remediation of soil and water contaminated with organic pollutants.

Q84. Correct Answer: B. Jobs that contribute to preserving or restoring environmental quality

Explanation: Green Jobs are those that contribute to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high-efficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution.



Q85. Correct Answer: B. Tropical Deciduous Forests

Explanation: Tropical Deciduous Forests, also known as the Monsoon forests, cover the largest area in India. They are found in regions that receive rainfall between 70 and 200 cm and are characterized by trees that shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.

Q86. Correct Answer: A. 21 April 1526

Explanation: The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526 was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It took place in North India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by the Mughals in this battle.

Q87. Correct Answer: A. Battle of Plassey

Explanation: The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. This victory marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India.

Q88. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: Both statements are correct and describe two different channels through which monetary policy decisions can influence the economy. However, Statement 2 is not a direct explanation for Statement 1 as they describe different mechanisms.

Q89. Correct Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

Explanation: Hornbill Festival: It is a week-long annual festival held in Nagaland, Northeast India, during the first week of December. It is a celebration of the rich cultural heritage of the Naga tribes, showcasing their traditional music, dances, crafts, and food. The festival is named after the Indian hornbill, a bird revered by the Naga people.

Q90. Correct Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The Bhimbetka rock shelters, a World Heritage site, contain prehistoric cave paintings that are believed to date back to the Mesolithic period. These paintings depict various themes such as hunting, dancing, music, and scenes of daily life including animals and human figures, indicating the importance of these activities and elements in the lives of the people of that era. The paintings indeed include a wide variety of animals and scenes of human life, including religious rituals. However, statement 4 is incorrect as human figures are a common theme in the Bhimbetka paintings.

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Q91. Correct Answer: D. 3 only

     Explanation: Let's analyze each statement:

Statement 1: Incorrect

The Deccan Riots occurred in 1875, during a time when the media was not as pervasive or powerful as it is today. There was limited media coverage, and it did not play a significant role in bringing the issues to national or international attention

Statement 2: Incorrect

The media coverage of the Deccan Riots was not extensive. Limited reports did not significantly mobilize public opinion or prompt substantial governmental action against the injustices faced by the peasantry.

Statement 3: Correct

The Deccan Riots were largely ignored by the media at the time, resulting in minimal public awareness and response.

Statement 4: Incorrect

This statement is incorrect because social media platforms as we know them today did not exist during any historical period that could be associated with the term 'Deccan Riots.'

Therefore, only statement 3 is correct.

Q92. Correct Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The Kheda Satyagraha was indeed a significant peasant movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1918 against the high land revenue demands during a famine. The British government eventually suspended the revenue collection for the year, marking a victory for the peasants. However, statement 4 is not directly related to the Kheda Satyagraha but is a broader aspect of India's freedom struggle, making it incorrect in this context.

Q93. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: The Gupta period is indeed considered a Golden Age of India, especially for advancements in art, science, and literature. The concept of 'Zero' was indeed used in this period, with mathematicians like Aryabhata contributing significantly to this field. However, the development of 'Zero' cannot be solely attributed to the Gupta period as its origins are seen in earlier works, but its mathematical usage was significantly advanced during this time. Therefore, both statements are correct, but Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1. 

Q94. Correct Answer: C. Only three

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The introduction of the Enfield rifles and the greased cartridges, rumored to be made of cow and pig fat, was a major cause of anger among both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, leading to the revolt.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Although the abolition of Sati by Lord William Bentinck in 1829 was a significant reform, it was not a direct cause of the Revolt of 1857.

Statement 3 is correct: The Doctrine of Lapse policy, introduced by Lord Dalhousie, led to the annexation of several Indian states by the British when the rulers died without a male heir, causing discontent among the princely states.

Statement 4 is correct: Heavy taxation, economic exploitation, and the annexation of Awadh on the pretext

of misgovernance were significant factors that contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and ultimately led to the revolt.

Q95. Correct Answer: D. Land grants to religious institutions

Explanation: The Rashtrakutas Administration is noted for its practice of land grants to religious institutions, which played a significant role in the socio-economic and religious life during their rule. This system also contributed to the spread of education and culture.

Q96. Correct Answer: B. Only two

Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is noted for its advanced urban planning, including well-planned cities with grid layouts, sophisticated drainage systems, and multi-storied houses.

Statement 2 is incorrect: There is no conclusive evidence of horse remains found at Harappan sites. The domestication of horses is more commonly associated with the post-Harappan periods.

Statement 3 is correct: The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro is one of the most well-known structures from the Harappan Civilization. It is considered an ancient public water tank, possibly used for ritual bathing, indicating the civilization's emphasis on cleanliness and ritual.

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Q97. Correct Answer: D. Predominant use of stone instead of bronze

Explanation: Bronze sculptures of the Chola period are renowned for their use of the lost-wax casting technique, high level of realism and detail, and depiction of deities in their youthful form. The predominant material used was bronze, not stone, making option (d) incorrect.

Q98. Correct Answer: B. Akbar formed matrimonial alliances with Rajput princesses.

Explanation: Akbar is known for his policy of forming matrimonial alliances with Rajput princesses as part of his broader strategy of integrating Rajputs into the Mughal administration, thereby strengthening his empire through alliances rather than conquests.

Q99. Correct Answer: C. Meat consumption was common among the people of the Sangam period.

Explanation: Meat consumption was common among the people of the Sangam period, indicating a less restrictive dietary culture compared to later periods in Indian history. The Sangam literature provides evidence of various types of meat being consumed, which included hunting and consuming animals like boar, deer, and even peacock.

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Q100. Correct Answer: B. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1

Explanation: The Vijayanagara Empire was indeed established in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I. The empire is also known for its significant contributions to art, architecture, and administration, including the establishment of a sophisticated revenue collection system. However, Statement 2 does not serve as an explanation for Statement 1; they are both correct but independent facts.