24 February 2025 : The Hindu Editorial Analysis(Current Affairs)

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1. Indian industry needs innovation, not mindless toil

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS3 – Indian Economy

Context

• Many Indian industrial workers endure long working hours in poor conditions, while corporate leaders advocate even longer hours. This highlights India’s reliance on cheap labor rather than technological advancements, limiting long-term industrial growth and innovation.

Long Working Hours for Industrial Workers in India

• Many industrial workers in India work 11 to 12 hours daily in garment and auto-component factories.
• During peak production times, workers do not get any breaks for days.
• Outside of work, their time is spent on commuting and household chores.
• Despite this, some corporate leaders in India advocate for even longer working hours.

High Informality in Employment

• The Periodic Labour Force Survey (2023-24) found that only 21.7% of Indian workers have regular salaried jobs.
• The majority are casual workers or self-employed, with half of the salaried workers lacking formal job contracts, paid leave, or social security benefits.
• Most workers in India already work long hours for low wages without basic protections.

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Dependency on Cheap Labour Over Innovation

• Indian industries rely on cheap labour rather than technology and innovation for competitive advantage.
• In developed countries, higher productivity is achieved through superior technology and efficient management, not excessive working hours.
• According to ILO (2024) data, the average weekly working hours were:
• 38 hours in the U.S.
• 36.6 hours in Japan
• 46.7 hours in India

Shift from Organised to Unorganised Sector

• Indian industries have shifted production from large, regulated factories to small, unregulated units to avoid labour laws.
• Over 70% of India’s manufacturing workforce (68 million in 2021-22) works in small, unregistered enterprises (less than 10 workers).
• These small units function as part of supply chains for larger firms, producing components used in various industries.

Challenges Faced by Small Firms

• Small firms supplying parts to large firms face delays in receiving payments, causing financial strain.
• They are forced to accept low prices despite rising material costs, leading to a race to the bottom in competition.
• Lack of state support, bank credit, and rising competition from imports has further weakened small businesses.

Increase in Contract-Based Employment

• Factories increasingly hire workers through contractors instead of employing them directly.
• Since 2011-12, 56% of new factory workers are contract workers, who receive lower wages and have no labour law protection.
• Migrant workers, who move from villages to cities, make up a large part of this low-wage workforce.

Declining Wage Growth vs. Rising Corporate Profits

• Migrant workers earn low wages due to social disadvantages and lack of assets or benefits.
• Meanwhile, profits in India’s factory sector rose from 31.6% in 2019-20 to 46.4% in 2021-22, especially after COVID-19.

India’s Garment Industry Struggles

• Despite abundant cheap labour, India’s garment industry has not performed well globally.
• India’s share in global garment exports has remained stagnant at 3.1% for two decades.
• Other countries like China, Bangladesh, and Vietnam have outperformed India in garment exports.
• The reluctance of Indian manufacturers to modernize and innovate has held the industry back.

Negative Impact of Cheap Labour Model

• Industries over-relying on cheap labour fail to grow in the long run.
• India’s IT sector and other industries lack innovation because businesses prefer low wages over new technology.
• Low wages reduce workers’ purchasing power, weakening the domestic market and slowing economic growth.

Conclusion

• Overworking employees harms their health and productivity.
• The short-term profits gained through cheap labour will harm industry growth in the long run.
• Indian industry must invest in innovation and technology instead of stretching workers to their limits.

Practice Question: India’s industrial growth has been overly dependent on cheap labor rather than technological advancement. Discuss the implications of this approach on innovation and economic progress.” (150 Words /10 marks)

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2. Talent shortage — global challenge, India’s opportunity

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS3 – Indian Economy

Context

• The global labor market faces a severe skills shortage.India has an opportunity to position its skilled workforce globally by addressing regulatory barriers, skill mismatches, and recruitment challenges.

Future Workforce Challenges and Opportunities

• The global labour market is not fully prepared for the future, as the skills needed in 2030 will be different from those of today.
• A study by FICCI-KPMG estimates a global shortage of over 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030, leading to $8.45 trillion in unrealized economic potential.
• This shortage presents both a challenge and an opportunity for India to supply skilled workers to global markets.
• India must take proactive steps to ensure its workforce is well-prepared to fill this demand gap.

Key Global Regions with High Workforce Demand

• The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Europe (including the UK), and Australia will have the highest demand for skilled workers.
• Workforce shortages will differ across regions:
• Healthcare will see high demand globally due to aging populations.
• Manufacturing and construction will be crucial for the GCC and Australia.
• Service sector jobs will be the focus for Europe.
• Emerging sectors like automation, AI, big data, predictive analytics, IoT, blockchain, resource efficiency, and sustainability will require skilled professionals.

Barriers to Workforce Mobility

1. Regulatory and Immigration Barriers – Complex visa processes and strict work permit regulations hinder migration.
2. Recruitment Malpractices and Human Trafficking – Exploitation of migrant workers poses serious threats to their rights and safety.
3. Policy Barriers and Skill Mismatches – Many Indian degrees are not recognized globally, particularly in medicine, leading to underemployment.
4. Language and Cultural Barriers – Difficulties in adapting to new work environments affect productivity and workforce efficiency.

India’s Efforts to Address the Challenge

• Bilateral Agreements and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) – Agreements with GCC nations ensure better protection for Indian workers.
• Skill Development Programs – Training programs align Indian workers’ skills with international job market needs.
• Digital Workforce Platforms – Online recruitment systems help protect workers from fraudulent practices, particularly in GCC countries.

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Strategies to Maximize India’s Global Workforce Potential

• Sector-Specific Skill Training – Training programs should focus on the needs of specific countries and emerging industries.
• Regulation of Recruitment Practices – Stricter oversight of recruitment agencies is essential to prevent worker exploitation.
• Recognition of Qualifications – International cooperation is needed to ensure Indian degrees are accepted globally.
• Public-Private Partnerships – Collaboration between government and private firms can enhance training programs and employment opportunities.
• Promoting Circular Migration and Mobility – Temporary work visas and rotational workforce models can help address labor shortages without demographic imbalances.

Changing Immigration Policies and India’s Advantage

• Immigration policies worldwide are constantly evolving:
• Europe may impose stricter immigration rules.
• Australia remains more open to skilled migration.
• Despite increasing anti-immigration sentiments in some regions, Indian workers are generally welcomed due to their skills and professionalism.
• Preventing illegal migration will help protect Indian workers from exploitation and improve India’s reputation as a reliable supplier of skilled labor.

Conclusion

• Ensuring a strong presence in the global labor market will support India’s vision of becoming a developed economy.
• Estimates suggest that India’s GDP could reach $6.5 to $9 trillion by 2030.
• India’s ability to move toward the higher end of this projection depends on how effectively it captures a share of the $8.45 trillion global economic opportunity. 

Practice Question: Discuss the challenges and opportunities for India in leveraging its skilled workforce to address the global labour shortage. Suggest policy measures to enhance workforce mobility. (250 Words /15 marks)

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3. A new age of imperialism

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 9)

Topic: GS2 – International Relations

Context

• The global rules-based order is weakening due to shifting alliances, geopolitical realignments, and rising regional power struggles.

Challenges to the Rules-Based International Order

• The global system that governed relations between countries is under severe strain.
• A major turning point was when a permanent member of the Security Council violated the UN Charter by invading a neighboring country in 2022.
• The international system was built on three key principles: economic integration, collective security, and self-determination.
• The shift in support from a major global power, now echoing the aggressor’s stance, has significantly weakened the UN-based global governance structure.

Formation of the Post-World War II Global System

• After World War II, global powers decided to establish an international organization for collective security and peacekeeping.
• During 1941-1945, major powers agreed to the structure of this system through several conferences.
• In 1943, key global leaders envisioned a world order enforced by four major countries, later expanded to include another power.
• The system aimed to create a rules-based order where all states were treated equally, avoiding an outright victor’s peace.
• However, in reality, spheres of influence were recognized, allowing some powers to dominate certain regions.
• Despite flaws, the system provided predictability in international relations and promoted principles of sovereign equality.

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Disruptions to the Global Order

• Recent policy shifts by a global leader have weakened international agreements and disrupted economic cooperation.
• Withdrawal from major global agreements and organizations has undermined established international norms.
• Unilateral trade actions have thrown the global trading system into uncertainty.
• A shift toward nationalist foreign policies and economic interests has further destabilized the system.

Repercussions for Global Security

• A major realignment in global alliances has occurred, with renewed diplomatic ties between two key powers.
• The approach to the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe has changed, sidelining the affected country in peace negotiations.
• A shift in alliances is forcing European nations to take responsibility for their own security.
• Recent diplomatic discussions resemble past agreements where powerful nations divided influence over different regions.

Impact on Global Power Dynamics

• The shift in global leadership signals a return to might-based diplomacy, rather than rule-based cooperation.
• There are concerns that a new imperialist era may be emerging, with large powers expanding influence.
• The world appears to be dividing into regional spheres of influence, with different powers controlling specific regions.
• A major Asian power, which has supported ongoing conflicts indirectly, now faces fewer restrictions.

Implications for India and Regional Stability

• The security situation in East and Southeast Asia is increasingly uncertain, especially regarding territorial claims.
• A major shift in security commitments from a global power may encourage aggressive actions in the region.
• India must prepare for a more uncertain geopolitical environment, especially concerning longstanding territorial disputes.
• The erosion of the rules-based global order means smaller nations must navigate an unstable and unpredictable international landscape. 

Practice Question: Critically analyze the impact of shifting global alliances on the stability of the rules-based international order. (150 Words /10 marks)

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4. The RTI is now the ‘right to deny information’

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS2 – Governance

Context

• The RTI Act’s effectiveness is declining due to bureaucratic resistance, judicial rulings, and legislative amendments.

Introduction and Initial Hope

• The introduction of the RTI Act created hope among citizens by recognizing their right to access government information.
• It was considered one of the best transparency laws in the world, aiming to curb corruption and arbitrariness.
• Citizens were expected to act as vigilance monitors over government actions.
• However, over time, the implementation of the Act has not met public expectations, and democratic accountability has not significantly improved.

Early Resistance from the Government

• The government quickly realized that the RTI Act shifted power from public servants to citizens.
• Within a year, attempts were made to amend the Act in ways that would weaken it.
• Widespread public protests led to the withdrawal of these amendments.

Erosion of the RTI Mechanism

• Information Commissions were established as the final appellate authorities for RTI implementation.
• Most commissioner positions were filled by retired bureaucrats who were reluctant to empower citizens.
• The selection process did not prioritize individuals with expertise in transparency and governance.
• Many commissioners viewed their roles as post-retirement benefits and worked with limited commitment.

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Delays and Inefficiency in RTI Processing

• High Court judges dispose of over 2,500 cases per year, but RTI commissioners clear far fewer cases.
• Given the simpler nature of RTI cases, each commissioner should ideally handle over 5,000 cases annually.
• The law mandates a 30-day response period for government departments, but no deadline exists for Information Commissions.
• This has led to a backlog, often delaying responses for over a year, making information irrelevant by the time it is received.
• Citizens often struggle to continue pursuing delayed cases, weakening the Act’s effectiveness.

Weak Enforcement of RTI Penal Provisions

• The RTI Act includes provisions for penalizing officers who deny information.
• Many commissioners hesitate to impose penalties, leading to a lack of accountability.
• Governments further weaken the system by delaying the appointment of new commissioners, increasing case backlogs.

Judicial Interpretations and Their Impact

• Courts have ruled that the exemptions under Section 8 of the RTI Act should not be interpreted strictly.
• In a key judgment, the Supreme Court emphasized that indiscriminate RTI requests could hinder administration and national development.
• This ruling led to a perception that RTI usage is problematic, discouraging officials from responding to requests.

Impact of Personal Information Clause

• Another major ruling restricted access to personal information of public officials.
• An RTI applicant had sought details about actions taken against a public servant, but the request was denied under the personal information exemption.
• The court did not examine whether the information was related to public activity or if disclosure was in public interest.
• This ruling ignored a key provision stating that information accessible to Parliament should also be accessible to the public.
• As a result, this decision has been used as a precedent in multiple cases to deny information.

Concerns Over Legislative Changes

• The Digital Personal Data Protection Act has further weakened the RTI Act by restricting access to information.
• The trend of judicial and legislative changes is shifting RTI towards becoming a Right to Deny Information (RDI).

Conclusion

• To preserve the RTI Act’s original purpose, citizens and the media must actively defend it.
• Without public vigilance, fundamental rights under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution may be diluted. 

Practice Question: Discuss the challenges faced by the Right to Information (RTI) Act in ensuring government transparency. (250 Words /15 marks)

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5. Fencing out interfaith relationships in the new India

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 4)

Topic: GS1 – Indian Society, GS2 – Indian Polity

Context

• On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to implement the UCC.
• This increases state control over interfaith relationships, reinforcing legal and societal barriers.

Uttarakhand Implements Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

• The stated aim is to promote gender justice and uniformity in personal laws.
• However, the implementation raises concerns about increased state control over private relationships.
• Combined with anti-conversion laws, it could lead to greater restrictions on interfaith relationships.

Existing Barriers to Interfaith Marriages

• Interfaith marriages in India already face significant societal resistance.
• A 2014 survey of 70,000 people found that fewer than 10% of urban Indians had family members who married outside their caste.
• Interfaith marriages were even rarer, with only 5% of urban respondents reporting such unions in their families.
• The Special Marriage Act, 1954, requires a 30-day notice period, allowing public objections and scrutiny.
• Anti-conversion laws in multiple states add further legal obstacles for those converting for marriage.

Legal Hurdles and Bureaucratic Challenges

• Conversion for marriage now requires multiple administrative steps, such as declarations, waiting periods, and approvals.
• These legal requirements have emboldened vigilante groups, who use them to intervene in personal relationships.
• In one state, 63 out of 101 complaints under the anti-conversion law against Christians were filed by third-party groups.
• Instead of safeguarding individuals, these laws create an environment where legal systems and police authorities can be misused.

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Increased Scrutiny on Live-in Relationships

• The UCC introduces new rules for live-in relationships, making them subject to legal registration.
• Couples must submit a 16-page application, provide identification, and obtain approval from community or religious leaders.
• Family members must be informed of their relationship, adding to potential risks.
• Failure to register can lead to six months of imprisonment and a ₹25,000 fine.
• These measures particularly affect interfaith couples, making it difficult to live together without interference.

Impact of These Laws

1. Strengthening Traditional Religious Institutions

• Religious leaders gain legal power over personal relationships.
• This contradicts constitutional guarantees of individual freedom in a secular democracy.

1. Increased Control Over Women

• Women in interfaith relationships are often seen as manipulated rather than having agency.
• Legal notifications to families increase the risk of coercion and honor-based violence.

1. Legalizing Vigilantism

• Right-wing groups use legal frameworks to monitor and interfere in personal relationships.
• The requirement for public notices and approvals enables these groups to track and harass couples.

Growing Trend Across States

• The implementation of UCC in Uttarakhand could serve as a model for other states.
• Rajasthan has introduced similar proposals for live-in relationship registration.
• Gujarat is also considering drafting a UCC along similar lines.
• These developments indicate a trend toward greater regulation of personal relationships.

Impact on Society

• The combined effect of UCC and anti-conversion laws could lead to social segregation.
• Laws that restrict interfaith unions create legal barriers at multiple levels.
• These legal measures may undermine the pluralistic nature of Indian society.
• By restricting personal choices, they interfere with the fundamental rights of individuals. 

Practice Question: Examine how the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) affects interfaith relationships and individual freedoms in India. (150 Words /10 marks)

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6. Human smuggling must engage Parliament’s attention

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS2 – Indian Polity

Context

• The article highlights the plight of Indians deported from the U.S., facing inhumane treatment and humiliation.
• It underscores the broader problem of human smuggling and irregular migration from India.

Plight of Deported Indians

• Many Indians who are deported from other countries face inhumane treatment.
• They are often shackled, handcuffed, and humiliated before being sent back.
• Some illegal immigrants from India have been abandoned in dangerous situations, such as clearing ammunition fields in Iraq.

Growing Problem of Irregular Migration

• Every year, thousands of young Indians attempt illegal migration, also known as “irregular migration.”
• This activity is supported by human smugglers operating in various states, including Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, and Gujarat.
• Human smuggling, also called “kabootarbazi,” is a highly profitable business requiring no skills, investment, or fear of legal consequences.

Horror and Exploitation of Migrants

• Many young people are misled by human smugglers into believing they will achieve success abroad.
• Instead, they become victims of exploitation, facing extreme risks such as:
• Death from suffocation in containers.
• Drowning at sea.
• Being forced into labor camps.
• Survivors report horrifying conditions, such as being deprived of food and water or forced to sit in unsanitary conditions.
• Human smugglers operate without any regard for human life and generate significant profits, fueling organized crime and corruption.

Criminal Networks and the Organized Nature of Human Smuggling

• Human smuggling has become an international criminal business, often involving mafia networks.
• Migrants are often sent to dangerous regions where they are forced to work under inhumane conditions.
• Due to low risks and high profits, criminals continue to expand this illegal trade.

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Need for Stronger Legal Frameworks

• The Emigration Act, 1983, does not define or address human smuggling directly.
• The existing law does not effectively combat this illegal trade, leading to calls for a stronger national law.
• A proposed law, the Emigration (Overseas Mobility Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, remains uncertain in its implementation.

Efforts by Punjab and Their Limitations

• Punjab has enacted the Punjab Travel Professionals Regulation Act, 2012, to regulate travel agents and curb human smuggling.
• This law defines human smuggling as illegally transporting individuals abroad in exchange for money.
• The Act includes licensing requirements for travel agents and penalties for fraudulent activities.
• However, enforcement of this law has been weak, limiting its effectiveness.

Need for a Strong Central Law

• The existing legal framework at the state and national levels is insufficient.
• A comprehensive central law is necessary to effectively regulate human smuggling.
• Parliament must take urgent action to create a strong legal mechanism to protect Indian citizens from falling victim to this dangerous trade.
• A national law with strict enforcement provisions is essential to control illegal migration and safeguard lives. 

Practice Question: Discuss the challenges posed by human smuggling in India and suggest legal and policy measures to curb it. (150 Words /10 marks)

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7. AI has an environmental problem

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 9)

Topic: GS3 – Science and Technology

Context

• The rapid growth of AI is driving economic transformation but also increasing environmental concerns due to high energy consumption, carbon emissions, and e-waste generation.

Introduction

• AI has become an essential part of daily life, influencing how people work, live, and conduct business.
• It includes technologies that simulate human thinking and decision-making.
• The global AI market is valued at $200 billion and is expected to contribute up to $15.7 trillion to the world economy by 2030.
• Large investments in AI infrastructure are being made globally, including significant projects in the U.S. and India.
• However, AI’s rapid rise comes with risks, especially environmental concerns.
• Environmental Impact Across AI’s LifecycleAI affects the environment at different stages, including infrastructure development, hardware production, data centre operations, and model training.
• Data centres are a key component of AI and contribute about 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions.Electricity demand from data centres is projected to double by 2026, worsening the environmental impact.
• Advanced AI models require 10–100 times more computing power than previous versions, increasing demand for hardware and worsening energy consumption.
• The growth of data centres is also leading to an increase in e-waste.

Software Life Cycle and Carbon Emissions

• AI’s environmental impact is not limited to hardware but also includes emissions from software processes.
• AI models require energy-intensive processes like data collection, training, validation, and maintenance.
• Training a single advanced AI model can release up to 552 tonnes of carbon dioxide, similar to the annual emissions of dozens of cars.
• To address these environmental risks, sustainability must be integrated into AI development and usage.

Global Discussions on Sustainable AI

• At international climate meetings, such as COP29, discussions have highlighted the need for greener AI practices.
• More than 190 countries have adopted ethical AI recommendations that consider environmental impact, though they are non-binding.
• Some regions, like the European Union and the U.S., have introduced laws to reduce AI’s environmental footprint.
• However, policies on AI sustainability are still rare, and national AI strategies often overlook sustainability, especially in the private sector.

Steps Towards Sustainable AI

• Investing in Clean Energy: AI companies should transition to renewable energy and purchase carbon credits to offset emissions.
• Optimising Data Centres: Locating data centres in areas with abundant renewable energy can help lower their environmental impact.
• Improving AI Efficiency: AI itself can help manage energy grids and integrate renewable energy sources for better efficiency.
• Using Energy-Efficient Hardware: Regular maintenance and the use of specialised, efficient hardware can reduce AI’s energy consumption.
• Developing Smaller AI Models: Domain-specific models can provide effective results while using less processing power.
• Reusing Pre-Trained Models: Instead of creating new models, companies can adapt existing models to save energy and resources.

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The Need for Transparency and Accountability

• Companies should measure and disclose the environmental impact of AI operations to track emissions effectively.
• Establishing standard frameworks for emissions tracking will ensure consistency and accountability across the AI industry.

Conclusion

• Sustainability should be an integral part of AI’s design to ensure its long-term viability.
• By balancing innovation with environmental responsibility, AI’s benefits can be harnessed without harming the planet’s future. 

Practice Question: How does the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) contribute to environmental degradation, and what strategies can be adopted to mitigate its impact? (250 Words /15 marks)

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8. The bigger tragedy is the Railways and its systemic inertia

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS3 – Disaster – Disaster Management

Context

• The massive rush at railway stations during the Kumbh Mela exposes the outdated approach of the railway system towards passenger safety.

Stampede At New Delhi Railway Station

• The recent stampede at New Delhi railway station on February 15 highlights systemic failures that are not due to a lack of resources but rather negligence.
• A stampede can be avoided by ensuring smooth movement, eliminating bottlenecks, and having adequate barricading and security personnel.
• These essential crowd control measures were ignored, leading to chaos.

Deeper Systemic Issues in Indian Railways

• Lack of Proactive Planning – Passenger surges during festivals and special occasions are predictable, yet Railways fails to implement preemptive crowd control measures.
• Information Dissemination Failure: Ineffective methods of conveying critical information to passengers regarding platform changes, delays, or crowd flow.
• Weak Crowd Management – No effective mechanisms such as separate entry and exit routes, controlled access points, or real-time monitoring exist to regulate large crowds.
• Inadequate Security and Personnel – Insufficient deployment of Railway Protection Force (RPF) personnel and lack of coordination among railway staff during peak travel times.
• Overburdened Staff: Insufficient staffing to handle the volume of passengers, leading to fatigue and reduced vigilance.
• Overcrowding in Unreserved Coaches – High demand for unreserved travel without structured ticketing limits creates excessive rush and safety hazards.
• Lack of Independent Accountability – Investigations are conducted by railway officials instead of independent safety bodies, leading to minimal corrective actions.
• Outdated Infrastructure – Narrow platforms, congested staircases, and escalators without emergency stop mechanisms contribute to bottlenecks during surges.

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Measures to Prevent Future Incidents

• Preemptive Planning for Crowds – Special arrangements, including crowd control zones and staggered train schedules, should be made in advance during festivals.
• Effective Communication Strategies: Utilizing public address systems, digital displays, and mobile alerts to provide timely information.
• Enhanced Crowd Control Mechanisms – Implement separate entry and exit points, unidirectional movement policies, and holding areas to avoid congestion.
• Increased Security Personnel Deployment – More RPF personnel and trained staff should be stationed at high-risk stations during peak hours.
• Regulated Ticketing System – Introduce online pre-booking for unreserved coaches to limit excessive crowds.
• Independent Safety Audits – External agencies should conduct safety reviews and enforce recommendations before major events.
• Infrastructure Upgrades – Widening of platforms, installation of emergency stop buttons on escalators, and improved signage for better passenger guidance.

Conclusion 

• Ensuring passenger safety requires proactive planning, better infrastructure, and independent accountability in Indian Railways.
• Without systemic reforms, such tragedies will continue to recur, endangering countless lives. 

Practice Question: The recurring stampedes at major railway stations in India highlight systemic flaws in crowd management and infrastructure. Discuss the key issues and suggest measures for improvement. (150 Words /10 marks)

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9. The impact of ethanol on the environment

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 9)

Topic: GS3 – Environment – Environmental pollution and degradation

Context

• Although the EBP programme reduces oil imports and benefits farmers – issues regarding environmental pollution and water contamination from ethanol factories must be addressed.

Introduction to the EBP Programme

• The Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was introduced in India as a pilot project in 2001.
• In 2020, the government decided to advance the target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol from 2030 to 2025.
• The programme aims to reduce energy consumption, lower oil imports, and decrease carbon emissions from vehicles.
• Ethanol is produced using grains like broken rice and corn, which is expected to benefit farmers financially.

Current Status and Production Requirements

• As of 2024, India achieved a 15% ethanol blend in petrol.
• To meet the 20% target by 2025-26, the country would need 1,016 crore litres of ethanol.
• The government eased environmental clearance processes and provided subsidies to support ethanol production.
• States like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, and Punjab have the highest number of ethanol factories.
• In 2022, India had a total ethanol production capacity of 947 crore litres.

Environmental and Social Concerns

• Villages in Andhra Pradesh have seen continuous protests against the EBP programme since 2024.
• Many ethanol factories are located near rivers and canals, which are primary sources of drinking and irrigation water.
• Reports indicate that some factories have been discharging harmful effluents into water bodies, affecting farmers.
• Officials failed to act against pollution violations in some factories despite prior knowledge.

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Lack of Transparency in Environmental Clearances

• Environmental clearances for ethanol factories often do not mention emissions.
• Scientists warn that ethanol plants release hazardous chemicals like acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein.
• Despite falling under the ‘red category’ (pollution score of 60 or more), ethanol plants were exempted from public hearings for faster approvals.
• Many factories are located near human settlements, raising health concerns.

Water Consumption and Agricultural Impact

• A grain-based ethanol factory requires 8-12 litres of water per litre of ethanol.
• With declining water levels in major rivers like Krishna, factories rely on groundwater, which is against regulations.
• Farmers fear that excessive water consumption by factories will leave little for their crops.

Balancing Environmental and Industrial Goals

• A report suggests that a 20% ethanol blend reduces carbon monoxide emissions by 30% in four-wheelers and 50% in two-wheelers.
• Environmentalists argue that pollution from ethanol production offsets these benefits.
• Industrialists claim pollution control measures are expensive due to high production and labour costs.

Conclusion

• Governments must address pollution, water scarcity, and health risks while ensuring sustainable ethanol production.
• A greener future should not come at the cost of agriculture, health, and people’s rights to natural resources. 

Practice Question: Examine the environmental and socio-economic challenges posed by the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme in India. How can policy interventions ensure a balance between sustainability and energy security? (250 Words /15 marks)

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10. A process where free and fair elections will be a casualty

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS2 – Indian Polity

Context

• The appointment process of Election Commissioners has been revised through a new law in 2023.
• The new law raises concerns over government dominance in the selection process.

Background

• A new law was enacted in 2023 for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
• This law was passed under Article 324(5) of the Constitution following a Supreme Court order in March 2023.
• Earlier, the CEC and ECs were appointed solely by the President based on the Prime Minister’s recommendation.
• The Supreme Court found this process unsatisfactory, as it could affect the impartiality of the Election Commission of India (ECI).
• Key Features of the New LawThe selection panel includes the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the Lok Sabha, and a cabinet Minister chosen by the Prime Minister.
• The law replaces the earlier proposal that included the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the selection panel.
• A search committee, headed by the Law Minister and two senior bureaucrats, prepares a list of five candidates for consideration.
• The final selection is made by a majority decision in the selection panel.

Challenges Against the Law

• The law has been challenged for not following the earlier Supreme Court directive regarding the selection panel’s composition.
• The new selection committee structure creates a built-in majority for the government, making the process less independent.
• The LoP has dissented in the selection process, arguing that it should be paused until the court reviews the law.

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Concerns Over Selection Process

• The ECI has the constitutional duty to conduct free and fair elections, as stated in past court rulings.
• With 960 million voters, India’s electoral process is the largest in the world, requiring unbiased leadership in the ECI.
• The new selection method does not ensure the appointment of individuals with absolute impartiality and proven competence.

Issues with the Composition of the Selection Committee

• The selection committee is chaired by the Prime Minister, with a cabinet Minister chosen by the Prime Minister and the LoP as members.
• The President is required to appoint individuals recommended by this committee.
• This structure gives a clear majority to the government-supported candidate, as the cabinet Minister is unlikely to oppose the Prime Minister.
• The selection process does not allow a fair assessment of all potential candidates.

Lack of Fairness and Objectivity

• A cabinet Minister, being a subordinate of the Prime Minister, cannot independently assess candidates.
• The law ensures a predictable outcome, favoring the government-supported candidate.
• An independent selection process should have members capable of making unbiased decisions, but this law does not guarantee that.

Constitutional Concerns

• The law is considered arbitrary and lacks a rational basis, which may violate Article 14 of the Constitution.
• The fairness of elections is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution, and a biased selection process can undermine free and fair elections.
• The Supreme Court will have to review whether this law upholds constitutional principles.

Conclusion 

• The new law raises concerns over fairness and impartiality in appointing Election Commissioners, potentially undermining free and fair elections.
• The Supreme Court’s review will determine its constitutional validity and democratic impact. 

PYQ: To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2017)

Practice Question: Discuss the constitutional and democratic implications of the 2023 law on the appointment of Election Commissioners. How does it affect the independence of the Election Commission of India? (250 Words /15 marks)

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11. Trump 2.0 and the new matrix of U.S.-India defence ties

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 8)

Topic: GS2 – International Relations – Bilateral Relations

Context

• The Prime Minister’s recent visit to the U.S. strengthened bilateral defence cooperation, focusing on co-production, arms procurement, and regulatory alignment.

Strengthening Defence Ties

• A recent official visit has bolstered defence cooperation between India and the United States.
• The visit resulted in agreements to expand military interoperability between both nations.
• India is set to proceed with the purchase and co-production of ‘Javelin’ Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) and ‘Stryker’ Infantry Combat Vehicles (ICVs).
• Co-production of these systems will enhance domestic manufacturing and integrate India into the global defence supply chain.

Expanded Defence Acquisitions

• India will procure six additional P-8I maritime patrol aircraft to strengthen its Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
• Both nations will sign a new 10-year Framework for Defence Partnership.
• Enhanced collaboration in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and autonomous systems is being promoted.
• Cooperation includes contracts between Indian and U.S. defence firms for the development of Active Towed Array Systems (ATAS).
• A fresh initiative, named the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA), will further cooperation in this sector.

Potential Areas of Future Cooperation

• Increased collaboration is expected in undersea systems and fifth-generation fighter aircraft.
• Accelerated cooperation is being explored in space, air defence, and anti-tank missile systems.
• A review of existing arms transfer regulations is planned to improve synergy in defence trade.
• The Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement aims to streamline defence acquisition and mutual supply of military equipment and services.

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Challenges in Defence Cooperation

• The agreement does not mention the immediate delivery of General Electric (GE) F-404 engines for Tejas-Mark 1A fighter jets.
• The lack of progress in transferring 80% of technology for GE’s F-414 engines to India is a concern.
• There was a discussion on the potential purchase of the F-35 fighter aircraft.
• However, the integration of the F-35 into the Indian Air Force (IAF) would be complex due to existing capability gaps.

Indian Air Force Modernization Issues

• The IAF faces delays in the induction of Tejas-Mark 1A and Mark-II fighter jets.
• These jets are crucial replacements for the retiring MiG-21 squadrons.
• Fighter squadron strength could fall below 30, posing a significant challenge to India’s defence preparedness.
• The Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) project, originally initiated in 2000, has faced multiple delays and revisions.
• The previous selection of Rafale jets was affected by disagreements over the Transfer of Technology (ToT) and cost considerations.

Concerns with the F-35 Fighter Jet Offer

• A previous proposal to sell the F-35 fighter jet to India has resurfaced.
• The F-35 deal lacks co-production or ToT benefits.
• Each F-35 jet is priced at $80 million, whereas India previously bought Rafale jets at $244 million per unit, including advanced weapon packages.
• Integrating the F-35 would require significant infrastructure and maintenance costs.
• The deal could also involve intrusive on-site inspections and operational restrictions from the United States.

Conclusion

• The bilateral defence relationship has gained momentum with new agreements and initiatives.
• However, key challenges, such as the delayed GE engine supplies and the complexities of integrating the F-35, must be resolved.

Practice Question: India’s fighter squadron strength may fall below 30, and there is uncertainty over engine supply for Tejas aircraft. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in India’s defense ties with the U.S. (150 Words /10 marks)

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12. The necessity of mainstreaming wetland conservation

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 6)

Topic: GS3 – Environment

Context

• A recent suo motu case in Meghalaya highlights wetland conservation challenges in India, emphasizing their ecological importance and the need for stronger protection measures.
• Despite the Ramsar Convention, India’s wetlands face degradation due to urbanization, pollution, and climate change.

Focus on Wetland Conservation

• A recent legal initiative has been undertaken to monitor the conservation of wetlands in a northeastern state of India.
• Every year, February 2 is observed as ‘World Wetlands Day’ to mark the adoption of the Ramsar Convention in 1971.
• The 2023 theme, ‘Protecting Wetlands for Our Common Future,’ highlights their role in sustainable development.

Threats to Wetlands

• Wetlands are one of the most biologically productive ecosystems, covering 12.1 million km² globally and providing 40.6% of ecosystem services.
• Rapid urbanization, population growth, industrialization, and climate change have put wetlands under severe stress.
• Studies indicate that since 1900, 50% of wetlands have been lost. From 1970 to 2015, wetland surface areas declined by 35%.
• Inland wetland species populations have declined by 81%, and coastal/marine species by 36% since 1970.

Challenges in Conservation

• Wetlands are essential for water management, climate change mitigation, and urban infrastructure.
• The 2022 Ramsar Convention stressed that wetland conservation must be linked with broader global environmental initiatives.
• The Convention’s Strategic Plan aims to align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), global biodiversity targets, and climate agreements.
• The urgency to protect wetlands has increased due to biodiversity loss, climate change, and global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Wetland Conservation in India

• India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention and has designated 75 Ramsar sites as of 2023.
• These wetlands cover 1.33 million hectares, around 8% of India’s total wetland area of 15.98 million hectares.
• According to the 2017-18 National Wetland Decadal Change Atlas, 66.6% of wetlands in India are natural, with 43.9% inland and 22.7% coastal.
• The data indicate a decline in natural wetlands, particularly along the coast, while man-made wetlands are increasing.
• A study by a regional wetland research organization found that 30% of India’s natural wetlands have been lost in the past four decades due to urban expansion, infrastructure projects, and pollution.
• Urban wetlands are under significant threat, with major cities experiencing severe losses:
• Mumbai lost 71% of its wetlands from 1970 to 2014.
• Kolkata’s wetlands shrank by 36% between 1991 and 2021.
• Chennai lost 85% of its wetlands, as per a recent study.

Economic Impact of Wetland Loss

• The loss of wetlands reduces ecosystem services, affecting economic and social well-being.
• A study in Colombia estimated that the loss of urban wetlands leads to an annual economic impact of $76,827 per hectare.
• The economic loss in peri-urban areas due to wetland degradation is estimated at $30,354 per hectare per year.
• Need for a Holistic Conservation ApproachCurrent wetland management in India focuses mainly on ecological and environmental aspects.
• There is limited research on human-induced impacts, land-use changes, and governance issues affecting wetlands.
• Wetlands contribute to ecological, economic, and social security and need an integrated conservation strategy.
• As wetlands act as both sources and sinks of carbon, their role in climate change mitigation must be evaluated and monitored.
• More effective management strategies are needed to address growing pressures from climate change and human activities.
• Conservation efforts should adopt an ecosystem-based approach and be integrated into broader development plans, as recommended in international conventions.

 Conclusion

• Wetlands are vital for ecological balance, biodiversity, and climate resilience.
• Strengthening conservation efforts through integrated policies, sustainable management, and community participation is essential to prevent their further degradation and ensure long-term environmental sustainability.

PYQ: Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (250 words/15m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-3 2023)

Practice Question: Discuss the significance of wetlands in ecological sustainability and the challenges in their conservation in India. Suggest measures to strengthen wetland protection. (150 Words /10 marks)

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13. The steps that will shape India’s AI ambition

(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 6)

Topic: GS2 – Governance, GS3 – Science and Technology

Context

• India is competing with China and the U.S. in the global AI race while facing regulatory and innovation challenges.
• Striking a balance between AI governance and competitiveness is crucial for India’s IT industry.

Challenges Faced by Indian Software Developers

• Indian software developers in Bengaluru are facing intense competition from Chinese rivals for AI-driven projects with international clients.
• Despite having a highly skilled workforce, Indian firms often lose deals due to technological capabilities that they struggle to match.
• The challenge is not just about preferring local or foreign AI platforms but about ensuring that market regulations do not slow down India’s progress in AI.

India’s Competition in AI Development

• India is engaged in a three-way race:
• Catching up with Silicon Valley.
• Competing with China.
• Facing emerging competition from Southeast Asia.
• To remain at the forefront of AI, Indian businesses must integrate AI technologies into their operations.

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 Issues Hindering AI Adoption in India

AI adoption can enhance export competitiveness, but it also presents challenges:

• Job Displacement: Routine jobs may be lost as AI automation increases.
• Bias in AI Algorithms: AI decision-making could be discriminatory.
• Misinformation through Deepfakes: AI-generated deepfakes can spread misinformation, disrupting trust in media and political processes.

Intermediary Liability:

• Foreign tech companies dominate the AI ecosystem, often controlling market rules.
• Indian startups struggle to compete due to a lack of regulatory support.

Regulatory Challenges:

• Indian app developers have filed complaints against monopolistic practices of global tech companies.
• However, regulating AI could slow down India’s technological adaptation, reducing its global competitiveness.

Balancing Regulation and Growth

• India has already developed a significant portion of the AI value chain.
• Additional compliance costs could put India at a disadvantage against China and the U.S., which are opting for minimal AI regulations.
• Over-regulation may force businesses to relocate IT development and research to more AI-friendly nations.

Global Approaches to AI Regulation

• Different countries are adopting varied approaches:
• European Union (EU): Implements strict regulations to address risks and social impacts of AI.
• United States: Follows a more relaxed approach, prioritizing AI innovation over regulation.
• India: Faces a challenge in deciding between these two paths while protecting its industrial and technological growth.

Lessons for India in AI Policy

• Unlike the EU, India does not face structural challenges like fragmented governance across member states.
• AI regulation should not disrupt India’s export capabilities, especially when China already dominates AI-related hardware and cloud technologies.
• India should develop policies that align with its strengths in the IT services sector rather than blindly following Western AI regulations.

The Need for a Clear AI Policy in India

• India’s AI policy is currently fragmented due to conflicting regulations from different agencies.
• Instead of creating new laws, India should strengthen and adapt its existing legal frameworks on:
• Antitrust and corporate liability.
• Free speech and public order.
• The current IT Act may already provide enough guidelines for AI without requiring a separate AI-specific law.

The Way Forward

• India must define its own AI regulatory strategy based on national interests.
• The focus should be on:
• Encouraging AI adoption at scale.
• Supporting open-source AI models.
• Facilitating knowledge transfer in India’s IT sector.
• Government efforts should also ensure that AI remains open, accessible, and commercially viable through international collaborations.

Practice Question: How can India balance AI regulation with its global competitiveness in the IT sector while addressing concerns like misinformation, job losses, and monopolistic practices? (150 Words /10 marks)

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