Introduction: HDI averages health, education, income; IHDI discounts for inequality in those dimensions.

India: HDI rank vs larger IHDI loss (health/education gaps).

Inclusive growth must look at distribution, not the mean.

Close: IHDI is better for inclusion because it penalises unequal access.

Introduction: Friend-shoring and tariffs hit India’s export-led jobs and WTO strategy.

Challenges: US/EU CBAM, China+1 competition, services visas.

Meet: FTAs quality, PLI, WTO coalitions, domestic standards.

Close: Answer both challenges and how to meet them.

Introduction: High-value = horticulture, spices, floriculture, livestock — higher risk and skill.

MSP/cereals inertia, irrigation, cold chain, prices, credit, women labour, export norms.

Close: Decision is economic + infrastructural, not only ‘awareness’.

Introduction: Farm-to-fork chains cut wastage and raise farmer share of consumer rupee.

Scope: storage, logistics, e-NAM, FPOs, food processing.

Significance: inflation, nutrition, exports.

Close: Elaborate with one scheme (PMKSY/OPD).

Introduction: ITER is a 35-nation tokamak in France; India is a full partner (IN-DA).

Contributions: cryostat, cooling, diagnostics, R&D.

Success: baseload low-carbon; still decades away; complement renewables.

Close: Implications are long-horizon, not next-Budget electricity.

Introduction: 2047 independence = reduce import oil/gas/coal via RE, storage, nuclear, efficiency, EVs.

Biotech: biofuels, compressed biogas, enzyme recycling, climate-resilient crops reducing energy-intensive inputs.

Close: Clean tech + biotech both named; don’t drop biotech.

Introduction: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage captures CO2 from point sources or air for use or geological storage.

Role: hard-to-abate (cement, steel); EOR risks; high cost; India mission talk.

Close: Potential is real but not a licence to expand coal unchecked.

Introduction: Over-pumping coastal groundwater lets a saline wedge inland (Chennai, Gujarat, islands).

Causes: extraction, SLR, canals, aquaculture.

Remedies: recharge, barriers, regulation, alternative water.

Close: Name one Indian coast.

Introduction: India faces cross-border, insurgent and urban modules — not one template.

Manifestation: J&K, hinterland modules, NE, Left, cyber-finance.

UAPA, NIA, FATF, deradicalisation, tech.

Close: Global + India + State response.

Introduction: LWE is Maoist insurgency in parts of central-eastern India, now geographically compressed.

People: violence, stalled schools, mining displacement.

SAMADHAN, security+development, roads, FRA implementation quality.

Close: 2026 is a target; legitimacy needs justice not only force.

Introduction: FHI composites deficits, debt, revenue quality, expenditure — a dashboard for states.

Use: FC, markets, voters.

Encourage: peer pressure, cheaper borrowing for better scores.

Close: Index is a tool, not a substitute for political choices on health/education.

Introduction: PLI pays for incremental output to crowd in manufacturing and GVCs after missing the first China wave.

Rationale: jobs, imports, champions.

Achievements mixed by sector (mobiles vs others).

Improve: MSME access, export additionality, sunset, cluster infrastructure.

Close: Three parts as asked.

Introduction: Extraction > recharge in many blocks (NITI/CGWB).

Factors: power subsidy, paddy, urban wells, climate.

Atal Bhujal, PMKSY, crop shift, regulations.

Close: Examine factors + government steps.

Introduction: Low processing share vs high agri output = room for jobs, especially women and rural.

Scope: horticulture, marine, dairy.

PMKSY, mega food parks, PLI food, FSSAI.

Close: Employment link is explicit in the question.

Introduction: Nano-fertilisers, sensors, packaging, pest delivery can raise efficiency.

IFFCO nano urea debate: evidence vs hype.

Uplift only if affordable, regulated, extension-backed.

Close: Two hows: tech + socio-economic.

Introduction: Fabs need water, power, talent, ecosystem of chemicals and design.

Challenges: capex, geopolitics, time.

ISM: fiscal support, design-linked, packing/ATMP, talent.

Close: Hub = design + ATMP + fab, not slogans.

Introduction: Mining removes overburden, pollutes water/air, displaces forests and people.

Hazard: dumps, acid drainage, silica, biodiversity.

Remedies: EIA, DMF, scientific closure, FRA consent.

Close: Hazard + remedies.

Introduction: Paris NDCs are nationally determined; India updated in 2022.

2015: intensity, non-fossil, sinks.

COP26: panchamrit, net zero 2070.

2022 NDC: 45% intensity, 50% non-fossil capacity.

Close: Review = trajectory, not cheerleading.

Introduction: Terrain, identity, migration, border crime, and development deficits intertwine.

Challenges: extortion, drugs, SoO groups.

Accords: Bodo 2020, Karbi, UNLF, NLFT, etc. as dated.

Close: Map accords; don’t invent names you can’t date.

Introduction: Most Indian trade by volume is seaborne; chokepoints (Hormuz, Malacca) are strategic.

Challenges: piracy, Chinese presence, Andaman, coastal police gaps post-26/11.

Way: SAGAR, IMO, information fusion, shipbuilding.

Close: Vitality + challenges + way forward.